Convert most of the format() string calls to f-strings using libcst.

Exact commands run were:

  python3 -m libcst.tool codemod convert_format_to_fstring.ConvertFormatStringCommand . --no-format
  python3 setup.py build_ext --inplace

TODO.md

@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ Things that I have not gotten around to doing.
  - Make the frontend work better on mobile. It works well enough, but it could be a much better experience.
  - Support for DanEvo. I meant to do this but my DanEvo ended up in storage before I could tackle it, so the only thing that exists at the moment is a rudimentary music DB parser.
  - Figure out phase/unlock/etc bits for some older IIDX and Pop'n Music versions and hook them up to the Arcade panel to allow switching events.
+ - Auto-prune events in the event log after some configured date. Currently it grows indefinitely which is fine for small hobby setups but could be a problem with lots of events.
 
 General maintenance that I have not yet performed.
 
- - Upgrade legacy uses of .format() to use f-strings instead.
+ - Upgrade legacy uses of .format() to use f-strings instead (partially done).

bemani/api/app.py

@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ def lookup(protoversion: str, requestgame: str, requestversion: str) -> Dict[str
 
         inst = handler(g.data, game, version, omnimix)
         try:
-            fetchmethod = getattr(inst, 'fetch_{}'.format(protoversion))
+            fetchmethod = getattr(inst, f'fetch_{protoversion}')
         except AttributeError:
             # Don't know how to handle this object for this version
             abort(501)

bemani/backend/core/core.py

@@ -22,11 +22,7 @@ class CoreHandler(Base):
             node.set_attribute('url', url)
             return node
 
-        url = '{}://{}:{}/'.format(
-            'https' if self.config['server']['https'] else 'http',
-            self.config['server']['address'],
-            self.config['server']['port'],
-        )
+        url = f'{"https" if self.config["server"]["https"] else "http"}://{self.config["server"]["address"]}:{self.config["server"]["port"]}/'
         root = Node.void('services')
         root.set_attribute('expire', '600')
         # This can be set to 'operation', 'debug', 'test', and 'factory'.
@@ -58,13 +54,7 @@ class CoreHandler(Base):
         keepalive = socket.gethostbyname(keepalive)
         root.add_child(item(
             'keepalive',
-            'http://{}/core/keepalive?pa={}&ia={}&ga={}&ma={}&t1=2&t2=10'.format(
-                keepalive,
-                keepalive,
-                keepalive,
-                keepalive,
-                keepalive,
-            ),
+            f'http://{keepalive}/core/keepalive?pa={keepalive}&ia={keepalive}&ga={keepalive}&ma={keepalive}&t1=2&t2=10',
         ))
         return root
 

bemani/backend/ddr/base.py

@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ class DDRBase(CoreHandler, CardManagerHandler, PASELIHandler, Base):
             self.CHART_DOUBLE_EXPERT,
             self.CHART_DOUBLE_CHALLENGE,
         ]:
-            raise Exception('Invalid chart {}'.format(chart))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid chart {chart}')
         if halo not in [
             self.HALO_NONE,
             self.HALO_GOOD_FULL_COMBO,
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ class DDRBase(CoreHandler, CardManagerHandler, PASELIHandler, Base):
             self.HALO_PERFECT_FULL_COMBO,
             self.HALO_MARVELOUS_FULL_COMBO,
         ]:
-            raise Exception('Invalid halo {}'.format(halo))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid halo {halo}')
         if rank not in [
             self.RANK_E,
             self.RANK_D,
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ class DDRBase(CoreHandler, CardManagerHandler, PASELIHandler, Base):
             self.RANK_AA_PLUS,
             self.RANK_AAA,
         ]:
-            raise Exception('Invalid rank {}'.format(rank))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid rank {rank}')
 
         if userid is not None:
             oldscore = self.data.local.music.get_score(

bemani/backend/ddr/common.py

@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ class DDRGameScoreHandler(DDRBase):
         # Return the most recent five scores
         game = Node.void('game')
         for i in range(len(recentscores)):
-            game.set_attribute('sc{}'.format(i + 1), str(recentscores[i]))
+            game.set_attribute(f'sc{i + 1}', str(recentscores[i]))
         return game
 
 
@@ -396,14 +396,14 @@ class DDRGameFriendHandler(DDRBase):
         game.add_child(gr_s)
         index = 1
         for entry in friend.get_int_array('gr_s', 5):
-            gr_s.set_attribute('gr{}'.format(index), str(entry))
+            gr_s.set_attribute(f'gr{index}', str(entry))
             index = index + 1
 
         gr_d = Node.void('gr_d')
         game.add_child(gr_d)
         index = 1
         for entry in friend.get_int_array('gr_d', 5):
-            gr_d.set_attribute('gr{}'.format(index), str(entry))
+            gr_d.set_attribute(f'gr{index}', str(entry))
             index = index + 1
         return game
 

bemani/backend/ddr/ddr2013.py

@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ class DDR2013(
         root.add_child(result_star)
         result_stars = profile.get_int_array('result_stars', 9)
         for i in range(9):
-            result_star.set_attribute('slot{}'.format(i + 1), str(result_stars[i]))
+            result_star.set_attribute(f'slot{i + 1}', str(result_stars[i]))
 
         # Target stuff
         target = Node.void('target')
@@ -389,14 +389,14 @@ class DDR2013(
         root.add_child(gr_s)
         index = 1
         for entry in profile.get_int_array('gr_s', 5):
-            gr_s.set_attribute('gr{}'.format(index), str(entry))
+            gr_s.set_attribute(f'gr{index}', str(entry))
             index = index + 1
 
         gr_d = Node.void('gr_d')
         root.add_child(gr_d)
         index = 1
         for entry in profile.get_int_array('gr_d', 5):
-            gr_d.set_attribute('gr{}'.format(index), str(entry))
+            gr_d.set_attribute(f'gr{index}', str(entry))
             index = index + 1
 
         # Options in menus
@@ -458,14 +458,14 @@ class DDR2013(
                 friendnode.add_child(gr_s)
                 index = 1
                 for entry in friend.get_int_array('gr_s', 5):
-                    gr_s.set_attribute('gr{}'.format(index), str(entry))
+                    gr_s.set_attribute(f'gr{index}', str(entry))
                     index = index + 1
 
                 gr_d = Node.void('gr_d')
                 friendnode.add_child(gr_d)
                 index = 1
                 for entry in friend.get_int_array('gr_d', 5):
-                    gr_d.set_attribute('gr{}'.format(index), str(entry))
+                    gr_d.set_attribute(f'gr{index}', str(entry))
                     index = index + 1
 
         # Play area
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ class DDR2013(
         play_area = Node.void('play_area')
         root.add_child(play_area)
         for i in range(len(areas)):
-            play_area.set_attribute('play_cnt{}'.format(i), str(areas[i]))
+            play_area.set_attribute(f'play_cnt{i}', str(areas[i]))
 
         return root
 
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ class DDR2013(
             if title_gr is not None:
                 title_grdict.replace_int('s', title.value)
                 newprofile.replace_dict('title_gr', title_grdict)
-        play_stats.increment_int('cnt_m{}'.format(mode))
+        play_stats.increment_int(f'cnt_m{mode}')
 
         # Result stars
         result_star = request.child('result_star')
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ class DDR2013(
                     self.game,
                     self.version,
                     userid,
-                    'friend_{}'.format(i),
+                    f'friend_{i}',
                     oldfriends[i],
                 )
             elif oldfriends[i] is None:
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ class DDR2013(
                     self.game,
                     self.version,
                     userid,
-                    'friend_{}'.format(i),
+                    f'friend_{i}',
                     newfriends[i],
                     {},
                 )
@@ -714,14 +714,14 @@ class DDR2013(
                     self.game,
                     self.version,
                     userid,
-                    'friend_{}'.format(i),
+                    f'friend_{i}',
                     oldfriends[i],
                 )
                 self.data.local.user.put_link(
                     self.game,
                     self.version,
                     userid,
-                    'friend_{}'.format(i),
+                    f'friend_{i}',
                     newfriends[i],
                     {},
                 )

bemani/backend/ddr/ddr2014.py

@@ -431,21 +431,21 @@ class DDR2014(
         root.add_child(result_star)
         result_stars = profile.get_int_array('result_stars', 9)
         for i in range(9):
-            result_star.set_attribute('slot{}'.format(i + 1), str(result_stars[i]))
+            result_star.set_attribute(f'slot{i + 1}', str(result_stars[i]))
 
         # Groove gauge level-ups
         gr_s = Node.void('gr_s')
         root.add_child(gr_s)
         index = 1
         for entry in profile.get_int_array('gr_s', 5):
-            gr_s.set_attribute('gr{}'.format(index), str(entry))
+            gr_s.set_attribute(f'gr{index}', str(entry))
             index = index + 1
 
         gr_d = Node.void('gr_d')
         root.add_child(gr_d)
         index = 1
         for entry in profile.get_int_array('gr_d', 5):
-            gr_d.set_attribute('gr{}'.format(index), str(entry))
+            gr_d.set_attribute(f'gr{index}', str(entry))
             index = index + 1
 
         # Options in menus
@@ -513,14 +513,14 @@ class DDR2014(
                 friendnode.add_child(gr_s)
                 index = 1
                 for entry in friend.get_int_array('gr_s', 5):
-                    gr_s.set_attribute('gr{}'.format(index), str(entry))
+                    gr_s.set_attribute(f'gr{index}', str(entry))
                     index = index + 1
 
                 gr_d = Node.void('gr_d')
                 friendnode.add_child(gr_d)
                 index = 1
                 for entry in friend.get_int_array('gr_d', 5):
-                    gr_d.set_attribute('gr{}'.format(index), str(entry))
+                    gr_d.set_attribute(f'gr{index}', str(entry))
                     index = index + 1
 
         # Target stuff
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ class DDR2014(
         play_area = Node.void('play_area')
         root.add_child(play_area)
         for i in range(len(areas)):
-            play_area.set_attribute('play_cnt{}'.format(i), str(areas[i]))
+            play_area.set_attribute(f'play_cnt{i}', str(areas[i]))
 
         return root
 
@@ -599,7 +599,7 @@ class DDR2014(
             if title_gr is not None:
                 title_grdict.replace_int('s', title.value)
                 newprofile.replace_dict('title_gr', title_grdict)
-        play_stats.increment_int('cnt_m{}'.format(mode))
+        play_stats.increment_int(f'cnt_m{mode}')
 
         # Result stars
         result_star = request.child('result_star')
@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ class DDR2014(
                     self.game,
                     self.version,
                     userid,
-                    'friend_{}'.format(i),
+                    f'friend_{i}',
                     oldfriends[i],
                 )
             elif oldfriends[i] is None:
@@ -765,7 +765,7 @@ class DDR2014(
                     self.game,
                     self.version,
                     userid,
-                    'friend_{}'.format(i),
+                    f'friend_{i}',
                     newfriends[i],
                     {},
                 )
@@ -775,14 +775,14 @@ class DDR2014(
                     self.game,
                     self.version,
                     userid,
-                    'friend_{}'.format(i),
+                    f'friend_{i}',
                     oldfriends[i],
                 )
                 self.data.local.user.put_link(
                     self.game,
                     self.version,
                     userid,
-                    'friend_{}'.format(i),
+                    f'friend_{i}',
                     newfriends[i],
                     {},
                 )

bemani/backend/ddr/ddrace.py

@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ class DDRAce(
 
         for userid, score in scores:
             if profiles_by_userid.get(userid) is None:
-                raise Exception('Logic error, couldn\'t find any profile for {}'.format(userid))
+                raise Exception(f'Logic error, couldn\'t find any profile for {userid}')
             profiledata = profiles_by_userid[userid]
 
             record = Node.void('record')
@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ class DDRAce(
                                     3: self.GAME_RIVAL_SLOT_3_ACTIVE_OFFSET,
                                 }[rivalno]
 
-                                whichfriend = lastdict.get_int('rival{}'.format(rivalno)) - 1
+                                whichfriend = lastdict.get_int(f'rival{rivalno}') - 1
                                 if whichfriend < 0:
                                     # This rival isn't active
                                     rival[activeslot] = b'0'

bemani/backend/ddr/ddrx2.py

@@ -435,14 +435,14 @@ class DDRX2(
         root.add_child(gr_s)
         index = 1
         for entry in profile.get_int_array('gr_s', 5):
-            gr_s.set_attribute('gr{}'.format(index), str(entry))
+            gr_s.set_attribute(f'gr{index}', str(entry))
             index = index + 1
 
         gr_d = Node.void('gr_d')
         root.add_child(gr_d)
         index = 1
         for entry in profile.get_int_array('gr_d', 5):
-            gr_d.set_attribute('gr{}'.format(index), str(entry))
+            gr_d.set_attribute(f'gr{index}', str(entry))
             index = index + 1
 
         # Options in menus
@@ -504,14 +504,14 @@ class DDRX2(
                 friendnode.add_child(gr_s)
                 index = 1
                 for entry in friend.get_int_array('gr_s', 5):
-                    gr_s.set_attribute('gr{}'.format(index), str(entry))
+                    gr_s.set_attribute(f'gr{index}', str(entry))
                     index = index + 1
 
                 gr_d = Node.void('gr_d')
                 friendnode.add_child(gr_d)
                 index = 1
                 for entry in friend.get_int_array('gr_d', 5):
-                    gr_d.set_attribute('gr{}'.format(index), str(entry))
+                    gr_d.set_attribute(f'gr{index}', str(entry))
                     index = index + 1
 
         return root
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ class DDRX2(
             if title_gr is not None:
                 title_grdict.replace_int('s', title.value)
                 newprofile.replace_dict('title_gr', title_grdict)
-        play_stats.increment_int('cnt_m{}'.format(mode))
+        play_stats.increment_int(f'cnt_m{mode}')
 
         # Update last attributes
         lastdict.replace_int('fri', intish(last.attribute('fri')))
@@ -744,7 +744,7 @@ class DDRX2(
                     self.game,
                     self.version,
                     userid,
-                    'friend_{}'.format(i),
+                    f'friend_{i}',
                     oldfriends[i],
                 )
             elif oldfriends[i] is None:
@@ -753,7 +753,7 @@ class DDRX2(
                     self.game,
                     self.version,
                     userid,
-                    'friend_{}'.format(i),
+                    f'friend_{i}',
                     newfriends[i],
                     {},
                 )
@@ -763,14 +763,14 @@ class DDRX2(
                     self.game,
                     self.version,
                     userid,
-                    'friend_{}'.format(i),
+                    f'friend_{i}',
                     oldfriends[i],
                 )
                 self.data.local.user.put_link(
                     self.game,
                     self.version,
                     userid,
-                    'friend_{}'.format(i),
+                    f'friend_{i}',
                     newfriends[i],
                     {},
                 )

bemani/backend/ddr/ddrx3.py

@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ class DDRX3(
         root.add_child(result_star)
         result_stars = profile.get_int_array('result_stars', 9)
         for i in range(9):
-            result_star.set_attribute('slot{}'.format(i + 1), str(result_stars[i]))
+            result_star.set_attribute(f'slot{i + 1}', str(result_stars[i]))
 
         # Target stuff
         target = Node.void('target')
@@ -464,14 +464,14 @@ class DDRX3(
         root.add_child(gr_s)
         index = 1
         for entry in profile.get_int_array('gr_s', 5):
-            gr_s.set_attribute('gr{}'.format(index), str(entry))
+            gr_s.set_attribute(f'gr{index}', str(entry))
             index = index + 1
 
         gr_d = Node.void('gr_d')
         root.add_child(gr_d)
         index = 1
         for entry in profile.get_int_array('gr_d', 5):
-            gr_d.set_attribute('gr{}'.format(index), str(entry))
+            gr_d.set_attribute(f'gr{index}', str(entry))
             index = index + 1
 
         # Options in menus
@@ -533,14 +533,14 @@ class DDRX3(
                 friendnode.add_child(gr_s)
                 index = 1
                 for entry in friend.get_int_array('gr_s', 5):
-                    gr_s.set_attribute('gr{}'.format(index), str(entry))
+                    gr_s.set_attribute(f'gr{index}', str(entry))
                     index = index + 1
 
                 gr_d = Node.void('gr_d')
                 friendnode.add_child(gr_d)
                 index = 1
                 for entry in friend.get_int_array('gr_d', 5):
-                    gr_d.set_attribute('gr{}'.format(index), str(entry))
+                    gr_d.set_attribute(f'gr{index}', str(entry))
                     index = index + 1
 
         # Play area
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ class DDRX3(
         play_area = Node.void('play_area')
         root.add_child(play_area)
         for i in range(len(areas)):
-            play_area.set_attribute('play_cnt{}'.format(i), str(areas[i]))
+            play_area.set_attribute(f'play_cnt{i}', str(areas[i]))
 
         return root
 
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ class DDRX3(
             if title_gr is not None:
                 title_grdict.replace_int('s', title.value)
                 newprofile.replace_dict('title_gr', title_grdict)
-        play_stats.increment_int('cnt_m{}'.format(mode))
+        play_stats.increment_int(f'cnt_m{mode}')
 
         # Result stars
         result_star = request.child('result_star')
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ class DDRX3(
                     self.game,
                     self.version,
                     userid,
-                    'friend_{}'.format(i),
+                    f'friend_{i}',
                     oldfriends[i],
                 )
             elif oldfriends[i] is None:
@@ -779,7 +779,7 @@ class DDRX3(
                     self.game,
                     self.version,
                     userid,
-                    'friend_{}'.format(i),
+                    f'friend_{i}',
                     newfriends[i],
                     {},
                 )
@@ -789,14 +789,14 @@ class DDRX3(
                     self.game,
                     self.version,
                     userid,
-                    'friend_{}'.format(i),
+                    f'friend_{i}',
                     oldfriends[i],
                 )
                 self.data.local.user.put_link(
                     self.game,
                     self.version,
                     userid,
-                    'friend_{}'.format(i),
+                    f'friend_{i}',
                     newfriends[i],
                     {},
                 )

bemani/backend/dispatch.py

@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class Dispatch:
 
         # First, try to handle with specific service/method function
         try:
-            handler = getattr(game, 'handle_{}_{}_request'.format(request.name, method))
+            handler = getattr(game, f'handle_{request.name}_{method}_request')
         except AttributeError:
             handler = None
         if handler is not None:
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class Dispatch:
         if response is None:
             # Now, try to pass it off to a generic service handler
             try:
-                handler = getattr(game, 'handle_{}_request'.format(request.name))
+                handler = getattr(game, f'handle_{request.name}_request')
             except AttributeError:
                 handler = None
             if handler is not None:
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class Dispatch:
 
         if response is None:
             # Unrecognized handler
-            self.log("Unrecognized service {} method {}".format(request.name, method))
+            self.log(f"Unrecognized service {request.name} method {method}")
             return None
 
         # Make sure we have a status value if one wasn't provided

bemani/backend/iidx/base.py

@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ class IIDXBase(CoreHandler, CardManagerHandler, PASELIHandler, Base):
             self.CLEAR_STATUS_EX_HARD_CLEAR,
             self.CLEAR_STATUS_FULL_COMBO,
         ]:
-            raise Exception("Invalid clear status value {}".format(clear_status))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid clear status value {clear_status}")
 
         # Calculate ex score
         ex_score = (2 * pgreats) + greats
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ class IIDXBase(CoreHandler, CardManagerHandler, PASELIHandler, Base):
             self.DAN_RANKING_SINGLE,
             self.DAN_RANKING_DOUBLE,
         ]:
-            raise Exception("Invalid dan rank type value {}".format(dantype))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid dan rank type value {dantype}")
 
         # Range check rank
         if rank not in [
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ class IIDXBase(CoreHandler, CardManagerHandler, PASELIHandler, Base):
             self.DAN_RANK_CHUDEN,
             self.DAN_RANK_KAIDEN,
         ]:
-            raise Exception("Invalid dan rank {}".format(rank))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid dan rank {rank}")
 
         if cleared:
             # Update profile if needed

bemani/backend/iidx/copula.py

@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ class IIDXCopula(IIDXCourse, IIDXBase):
                 if rivalid == -1:
                     attr = 'iidxid'
                 else:
-                    attr = 'iidxid{}'.format(rivalid)
+                    attr = f'iidxid{rivalid}'
 
                 try:
                     extid = int(request.attribute(attr))

bemani/backend/iidx/course.py

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class IIDXCourse(IIDXBase):
             self.COURSE_TYPE_INTERNET_RANKING,
             self.COURSE_TYPE_CLASSIC,
         ]:
-            raise Exception("Invalid course type value {}".format(coursetype))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid course type value {coursetype}")
 
         # Range check medals
         if clear_status not in [
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class IIDXCourse(IIDXBase):
             self.CLEAR_STATUS_EX_HARD_CLEAR,
             self.CLEAR_STATUS_FULL_COMBO,
         ]:
-            raise Exception("Invalid clear status value {}".format(clear_status))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid clear status value {clear_status}")
 
         # Update achievement to track course statistics
         course_score = self.data.local.user.get_achievement(

bemani/backend/iidx/pendual.py

@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ class IIDXPendual(IIDXCourse, IIDXBase):
                 if rivalid == -1:
                     attr = 'iidxid'
                 else:
-                    attr = 'iidxid{}'.format(rivalid)
+                    attr = f'iidxid{rivalid}'
 
                 try:
                     extid = int(request.attribute(attr))

bemani/backend/iidx/sinobuz.py

@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ class IIDXSinobuz(IIDXCourse, IIDXBase):
             if rivalid == -1:
                 attr = 'iidxid'
             else:
-                attr = 'iidxid{}'.format(rivalid)
+                attr = f'iidxid{rivalid}'
 
             try:
                 extid = int(request.attribute(attr))

bemani/backend/iidx/spada.py

@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ class IIDXSpada(IIDXBase):
                 if rivalid == -1:
                     attr = 'iidxid'
                 else:
-                    attr = 'iidxid{}'.format(rivalid)
+                    attr = f'iidxid{rivalid}'
 
                 try:
                     extid = int(request.attribute(attr))

bemani/backend/iidx/tricoro.py

@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ class IIDXTricoro(IIDXBase):
                 if rivalid == -1:
                     attr = 'iidxid'
                 else:
-                    attr = 'iidxid{}'.format(rivalid)
+                    attr = f'iidxid{rivalid}'
 
                 try:
                     extid = int(request.attribute(attr))

bemani/backend/jubeat/base.py

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ class JubeatBase(CoreHandler, CardManagerHandler, PASELIHandler, Base):
             self.PLAY_MEDAL_NEARLY_EXCELLENT,
             self.PLAY_MEDAL_EXCELLENT,
         ]:
-            raise Exception("Invalid medal value {}".format(medal))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid medal value {medal}")
 
         oldscore = self.data.local.music.get_score(
             self.game,

bemani/backend/jubeat/clan.py

@@ -1499,7 +1499,7 @@ class JubeatClan(
                 item = Node.void('item')
                 item_list.add_child(item)
                 item.set_attribute('id', str(itemid))
-                item.add_child(Node.s32('num', dropdata.get_int('item_{}'.format(itemid))))
+                item.add_child(Node.s32('num', dropdata.get_int(f'item_{itemid}')))
 
         # Fill in category
         fill_in_category = Node.void('fill_in_category')
@@ -1663,7 +1663,7 @@ class JubeatClan(
                 olddrop.replace_int('exp', exp)
                 olddrop.replace_int('flag', flag)
                 for itemid, num in items.items():
-                    olddrop.replace_int('item_{}'.format(itemid), num)
+                    olddrop.replace_int(f'item_{itemid}', num)
 
                 # Save it as an achievement
                 self.data.local.user.put_achievement(

bemani/backend/jubeat/prop.py

@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ class JubeatProp(
         elif direction == 'demote':
             new_class, new_subclass = cls.__decrement_class(cur_class, cur_subclass)
         else:
-            raise Exception('Logic error, unknown direction {}!'.format(direction))
+            raise Exception(f'Logic error, unknown direction {direction}!')
 
         if new_class != cur_class or new_subclass != cur_subclass:
             # If they've checked last time, set up the new old class.

bemani/backend/museca/base.py

@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ class MusecaBase(CoreHandler, CardManagerHandler, PASELIHandler, Base):
             self.CLEAR_TYPE_CLEARED,
             self.CLEAR_TYPE_FULL_COMBO,
         ]:
-            raise Exception("Invalid clear type value {}".format(clear_type))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid clear type value {clear_type}")
 
         # Range check grade
         if grade not in [
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class MusecaBase(CoreHandler, CardManagerHandler, PASELIHandler, Base):
             self.GRADE_MASTERPIECE,
             self.GRADE_PERFECT,
         ]:
-            raise Exception("Invalid grade value {}".format(grade))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid grade value {grade}")
 
         if userid is not None:
             oldscore = self.data.local.music.get_score(

bemani/backend/museca/museca1.py

@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ class Museca1(
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     item_id,
-                    'item_{}'.format(item_type),
+                    f'item_{item_type}',
                     paramvals,
                 )
 

bemani/backend/museca/museca1plus.py

@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ class Museca1Plus(
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     item_id,
-                    'item_{}'.format(item_type),
+                    f'item_{item_type}',
                     paramvals,
                 )
 

bemani/backend/popn/base.py

@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ class PopnMusicBase(CoreHandler, CardManagerHandler, PASELIHandler, Base):
             self.PLAY_MEDAL_STAR_FULL_COMBO,
             self.PLAY_MEDAL_PERFECT,
         ]:
-            raise Exception("Invalid medal value {}".format(medal))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid medal value {medal}")
 
         oldscore = self.data.local.music.get_score(
             self.game,

bemani/backend/popn/eclale.py

@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ class PopnMusicEclale(PopnMusicBase):
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     itemid,
-                    'item_{}'.format(itemtype),
+                    f'item_{itemtype}',
                     {
                         'param': itemparam,
                         'is_new': True,
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ class PopnMusicEclale(PopnMusicBase):
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     itemid,
-                    'item_{}'.format(itemtype),
+                    f'item_{itemtype}',
                     {
                         'param': param,
                         'is_new': is_new,

bemani/backend/popn/fantasia.py

@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ class PopnMusicFantasia(PopnMusicBase):
         netvs.add_child(Node.s8_array('jewelry', [0] * 15))
         for dialog in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]:
             # TODO: Configure this, maybe?
-            netvs.add_child(Node.string('dialog', 'dialog#{}'.format(dialog)))
+            netvs.add_child(Node.string('dialog', f'dialog#{dialog}'))
 
         sp_data = Node.void('sp_data')
         root.add_child(sp_data)

bemani/backend/popn/lapistoria.py

@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ class PopnMusicLapistoria(PopnMusicBase):
         netvs.add_child(Node.u32('netvs_play_cnt', 0))
         for dialog in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]:
             # TODO: Configure this, maybe?
-            netvs.add_child(Node.string('dialog', 'dialog#{}'.format(dialog)))
+            netvs.add_child(Node.string('dialog', f'dialog#{dialog}'))
 
         # Set up config
         config = Node.void('config')

bemani/backend/popn/sunnypark.py

@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ class PopnMusicSunnyPark(PopnMusicBase):
         netvs.add_child(Node.u8('netvs_play_cnt', 0))
         for dialog in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]:
             # TODO: Configure this, maybe?
-            netvs.add_child(Node.string('dialog', 'dialog#{}'.format(dialog)))
+            netvs.add_child(Node.string('dialog', f'dialog#{dialog}'))
 
         sp_data = Node.void('sp_data')
         root.add_child(sp_data)

bemani/backend/popn/usaneko.py

@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ class PopnMusicUsaNeko(PopnMusicBase):
                 achievements.append(
                     Achievement(
                         itemid,
-                        'item_{}'.format(itemtype),
+                        f'item_{itemtype}',
                         0,
                         {
                             'param': param,
@@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ class PopnMusicUsaNeko(PopnMusicBase):
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     itemid,
-                    'item_{}'.format(itemtype),
+                    f'item_{itemtype}',
                     {
                         'param': itemparam,
                         'is_new': True,
@@ -1124,7 +1124,7 @@ class PopnMusicUsaNeko(PopnMusicBase):
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     itemid,
-                    'item_{}'.format(itemtype),
+                    f'item_{itemtype}',
                     {
                         'param': param,
                         'is_new': is_new,

bemani/backend/reflec/base.py

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class ReflecBeatBase(CoreHandler, CardManagerHandler, PASELIHandler, Base):
             self.CLEAR_TYPE_HARD_CLEARED,
             self.CLEAR_TYPE_S_HARD_CLEARED,
         ]:
-            raise Exception("Invalid clear_type value {}".format(clear_type))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid clear_type value {clear_type}")
 
         # Range check combo type
         if combo_type not in [
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ class ReflecBeatBase(CoreHandler, CardManagerHandler, PASELIHandler, Base):
             self.COMBO_TYPE_FULL_COMBO,
             self.COMBO_TYPE_FULL_COMBO_ALL_JUST,
         ]:
-            raise Exception("Invalid combo_type value {}".format(combo_type))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid combo_type value {combo_type}")
 
         oldscore = self.data.local.music.get_score(
             self.game,

bemani/backend/reflec/colette.py

@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ class ReflecBeatColette(ReflecBeatBase):
                 self.COMBO_TYPE_FULL_COMBO_ALL_JUST,
             ]:
                 return self.GAME_CLEAR_TYPE_FULL_COMBO
-            raise Exception('Invalid db_combo_type {}'.format(db_combo_type))
-        raise Exception('Invalid db_clear_type {}'.format(db_clear_type))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid db_combo_type {db_combo_type}')
+        raise Exception(f'Invalid db_clear_type {db_clear_type}')
 
     def __game_to_db_clear_type(self, game_clear_type: int) -> Tuple[int, int]:
         if game_clear_type == self.GAME_CLEAR_TYPE_NO_PLAY:
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class ReflecBeatColette(ReflecBeatBase):
         if game_clear_type == self.GAME_CLEAR_TYPE_FULL_COMBO:
             return (self.CLEAR_TYPE_CLEARED, self.COMBO_TYPE_FULL_COMBO)
 
-        raise Exception('Invalid game_clear_type {}'.format(game_clear_type))
+        raise Exception(f'Invalid game_clear_type {game_clear_type}')
 
     def handle_pcb_error_request(self, request: Node) -> Node:
         return Node.void('pcb')
@@ -1068,7 +1068,7 @@ class ReflecBeatColette(ReflecBeatBase):
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     item_id,
-                    'item_{}'.format(item_type),
+                    f'item_{item_type}',
                     {
                         'param': param,
                     },
@@ -1170,7 +1170,7 @@ class ReflecBeatColette(ReflecBeatBase):
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     eqpexp_id,
-                    'eqpexp_{}'.format(eqpexp_stype),
+                    f'eqpexp_{eqpexp_stype}',
                 ) or ValidatedDict()
 
                 self.data.local.user.put_achievement(
@@ -1178,7 +1178,7 @@ class ReflecBeatColette(ReflecBeatBase):
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     eqpexp_id,
-                    'eqpexp_{}'.format(eqpexp_stype),
+                    f'eqpexp_{eqpexp_stype}',
                     {
                         'exp': data.get_int('exp') + eqpexp_exp,
                     },

bemani/backend/reflec/groovin.py

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class ReflecBeatGroovin(ReflecBeatBase):
             return self.COMBO_TYPE_FULL_COMBO
         if game_combo == self.GAME_COMBO_TYPE_FULL_COMBO_ALL_JUST:
             return self.COMBO_TYPE_FULL_COMBO_ALL_JUST
-        raise Exception('Invalid game_combo value {}'.format(game_combo))
+        raise Exception(f'Invalid game_combo value {game_combo}')
 
     def handle_pcb_rb4error_request(self, request: Node) -> Node:
         return Node.void('pcb')
@@ -1360,7 +1360,7 @@ class ReflecBeatGroovin(ReflecBeatBase):
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     bank,
-                    'player_param_{}'.format(item_type),
+                    f'player_param_{item_type}',
                     {
                         'data': paramdata,
                     },
@@ -1376,7 +1376,7 @@ class ReflecBeatGroovin(ReflecBeatBase):
                 # I assume this is copypasta, but I want to be sure
                 extid = child.child_value('user_id')
                 if extid != newprofile.get_int('extid'):
-                    raise Exception('Unexpected user ID, got {} expecting {}'.format(extid, newprofile.get_int('extid')))
+                    raise Exception(f'Unexpected user ID, got {extid} expecting {newprofile.get_int("extid")}')
 
                 episode_type = child.child_value('type')
                 episode_value0 = child.child_value('value0')
@@ -1416,7 +1416,7 @@ class ReflecBeatGroovin(ReflecBeatBase):
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     item_id,
-                    'item_{}'.format(item_type),
+                    f'item_{item_type}',
                     {
                         'param': param,
                     },
@@ -1438,7 +1438,7 @@ class ReflecBeatGroovin(ReflecBeatBase):
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     announce_id,
-                    'announcement_{}'.format(announce_type),
+                    f'announcement_{announce_type}',
                     {
                         'param': param,
                         'need': need,

bemani/backend/reflec/limelight.py

@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ class ReflecBeatLimelight(ReflecBeatBase):
             ]:
                 return self.GAME_CLEAR_TYPE_FULL_COMBO
 
-            raise Exception('Invalid db_combo_type {}'.format(db_combo_type))
-        raise Exception('Invalid db_clear_type {}'.format(db_clear_type))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid db_combo_type {db_combo_type}')
+        raise Exception(f'Invalid db_clear_type {db_clear_type}')
 
     def __game_to_db_clear_type(self, game_clear_type: int) -> Tuple[int, int]:
         if game_clear_type == self.GAME_CLEAR_TYPE_NO_PLAY:
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class ReflecBeatLimelight(ReflecBeatBase):
         if game_clear_type == self.GAME_CLEAR_TYPE_FULL_COMBO:
             return (self.CLEAR_TYPE_CLEARED, self.COMBO_TYPE_FULL_COMBO)
 
-        raise Exception('Invalid game_clear_type {}'.format(game_clear_type))
+        raise Exception(f'Invalid game_clear_type {game_clear_type}')
 
     def handle_log_exception_request(self, request: Node) -> Node:
         return Node.void('log')
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ class ReflecBeatLimelight(ReflecBeatBase):
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     item_id,
-                    'item_{}'.format(item_type),
+                    f'item_{item_type}',
                     {
                         'param': param,
                     },

bemani/backend/reflec/reflecbeat.py

@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ class ReflecBeat(ReflecBeatBase):
             ]:
                 return self.GAME_CLEAR_TYPE_FULL_COMBO
 
-            raise Exception('Invalid db_combo_type {}'.format(db_combo_type))
-        raise Exception('Invalid db_clear_type {}'.format(db_clear_type))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid db_combo_type {db_combo_type}')
+        raise Exception(f'Invalid db_clear_type {db_clear_type}')
 
     def __game_to_db_clear_type(self, game_clear_type: int, game_achievement_rate: int) -> Tuple[int, int]:
         if game_clear_type == self.GAME_CLEAR_TYPE_NO_PLAY:
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class ReflecBeat(ReflecBeatBase):
         if game_clear_type == self.GAME_CLEAR_TYPE_FULL_COMBO:
             return (self.CLEAR_TYPE_CLEARED, self.COMBO_TYPE_FULL_COMBO)
 
-        raise Exception('Invalid game_clear_type {}'.format(game_clear_type))
+        raise Exception(f'Invalid game_clear_type {game_clear_type}')
 
     def handle_log_pcb_status_request(self, request: Node) -> Node:
         return Node.void('log')
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ class ReflecBeat(ReflecBeatBase):
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     item_id,
-                    'item_{}'.format(item_type),
+                    f'item_{item_type}',
                     {},
                 )
 

bemani/backend/reflec/volzza.py

@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza(ReflecBeatVolzzaBase):
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     bank,
-                    'player_param_{}'.format(item_type),
+                    f'player_param_{item_type}',
                     {
                         'data': data,
                     },
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza(ReflecBeatVolzzaBase):
                 # I assume this is copypasta, but I want to be sure
                 extid = child.child_value('user_id')
                 if extid != newprofile.get_int('extid'):
-                    raise Exception('Unexpected user ID, got {} expecting {}'.format(extid, newprofile.get_int('extid')))
+                    raise Exception(f'Unexpected user ID, got {extid} expecting {newprofile.get_int("extid")}')
 
                 episode_type = child.child_value('type')
                 episode_value0 = child.child_value('value0')
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza(ReflecBeatVolzzaBase):
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     item_id,
-                    'item_{}'.format(item_type),
+                    f'item_{item_type}',
                     {
                         'param': param,
                     },
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza(ReflecBeatVolzzaBase):
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     announce_id,
-                    'announcement_{}'.format(announce_type),
+                    f'announcement_{announce_type}',
                     {
                         'param': param,
                         'need': need,

bemani/backend/reflec/volzza2.py

@@ -753,7 +753,7 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza2(ReflecBeatVolzzaBase):
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     bank,
-                    'player_param_{}'.format(item_type),
+                    f'player_param_{item_type}',
                     {
                         'data': data,
                     },
@@ -769,7 +769,7 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza2(ReflecBeatVolzzaBase):
                 # I assume this is copypasta, but I want to be sure
                 extid = child.child_value('user_id')
                 if extid != newprofile.get_int('extid'):
-                    raise Exception('Unexpected user ID, got {} expecting {}'.format(extid, newprofile.get_int('extid')))
+                    raise Exception(f'Unexpected user ID, got {extid} expecting {newprofile.get_int("extid")}')
 
                 episode_type = child.child_value('type')
                 episode_value0 = child.child_value('value0')
@@ -810,7 +810,7 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza2(ReflecBeatVolzzaBase):
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     item_id,
-                    'item_{}'.format(item_type),
+                    f'item_{item_type}',
                     {
                         'param': param,
                         'time': time,
@@ -833,7 +833,7 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza2(ReflecBeatVolzzaBase):
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     announce_id,
-                    'announcement_{}'.format(announce_type),
+                    f'announcement_{announce_type}',
                     {
                         'param': param,
                         'need': need,

bemani/backend/reflec/volzzabase.py

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzzaBase(ReflecBeatBase):
             return self.COMBO_TYPE_FULL_COMBO
         if game_combo == self.GAME_COMBO_TYPE_FULL_COMBO_ALL_JUST:
             return self.COMBO_TYPE_FULL_COMBO_ALL_JUST
-        raise Exception('Invalid game_combo value {}'.format(game_combo))
+        raise Exception(f'Invalid game_combo value {game_combo}')
 
     def _add_event_info(self, root: Node) -> None:
         # Overridden in subclasses

bemani/backend/sdvx/base.py

@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ class SoundVoltexBase(CoreHandler, CardManagerHandler, PASELIHandler, Base):
             self.CLEAR_TYPE_ULTIMATE_CHAIN,
             self.CLEAR_TYPE_PERFECT_ULTIMATE_CHAIN,
         ]:
-            raise Exception("Invalid clear type value {}".format(clear_type))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid clear type value {clear_type}")
 
         #  Range check grade
         if grade not in [
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ class SoundVoltexBase(CoreHandler, CardManagerHandler, PASELIHandler, Base):
             self.GRADE_AAA_PLUS,
             self.GRADE_S,
         ]:
-            raise Exception("Invalid clear type value {}".format(grade))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid clear type value {grade}")
 
         if userid is not None:
             oldscore = self.data.local.music.get_score(

bemani/backend/sdvx/gravitywars.py

@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWars(
                         self.version,
                         userid,
                         item_id[i],
-                        'item_{}'.format(item_type[i]),
+                        f'item_{item_type[i]}',
                         {
                             'param': param[i],
                         },

bemani/backend/sdvx/gravitywars_s1.py

@@ -3318,7 +3318,7 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsSeason1(
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     item_id,
-                    'item_{}'.format(item_type),
+                    f'item_{item_type}',
                     {
                         'param': param,
                     },

bemani/backend/sdvx/gravitywars_s2.py

@@ -4180,7 +4180,7 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsSeason2(
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     item_id,
-                    'item_{}'.format(item_type),
+                    f'item_{item_type}',
                     {
                         'param': param,
                     },
@@ -4225,7 +4225,7 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsSeason2(
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     param_id,
-                    'param_{}'.format(param_type),
+                    f'param_{param_type}',
                     {
                         'param': param_param,
                     },

bemani/backend/sdvx/infiniteinfection.py

@@ -2271,7 +2271,7 @@ class SoundVoltexInfiniteInfection(
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     item_id,
-                    'item_{}'.format(item_type),
+                    f'item_{item_type}',
                     {
                         'param': param,
                     },
@@ -2476,7 +2476,7 @@ class SoundVoltexInfiniteInfection(
                     self.version,
                     userid,
                     item_id,
-                    'item_{}'.format(item_type),
+                    f'item_{item_type}',
                     {
                         'param': param,
                     },

bemani/client/base.py

@@ -41,12 +41,7 @@ class BaseClient:
         method = tree.children[0].attribute('method')
 
         return self.__proto.exchange(
-            '{}?model={}&module={}&method={}'.format(
-                path,
-                self.config['model'],
-                module,
-                method,
-            ),
+            f'{path}?model={self.config["model"]}&module={module}&method={method}',
             tree,
         )
 
@@ -92,7 +87,7 @@ class BaseClient:
         """
 
         if not self.__assert_path(root, path):
-            raise Exception('Path \'{}\' not found in root node:\n{}'.format(path, root))
+            raise Exception(f'Path \'{path}\' not found in root node:\n{root}')
 
     def verify_services_get(self, expected_services: List[str]=[]) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -126,7 +121,7 @@ class BaseClient:
 
         for service in expected_services:
             if service not in returned_services:
-                raise Exception('Service \'{}\' expected but not returned'.format(service))
+                raise Exception(f'Service \'{service}\' expected but not returned')
 
     def verify_pcbtracker_alive(self, ecflag: int = 1) -> bool:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -262,7 +257,7 @@ class BaseClient:
             # Verify that we weren't found
             status = int(resp.child('cardmng').attribute('status'))
             if status != self.CARD_NEW:
-                raise Exception('Card \'{}\' returned invalid status \'{}\''.format(card_id, status))
+                raise Exception(f'Card \'{card_id}\' returned invalid status \'{status}\'')
 
             # Nothing to return
             return None
@@ -278,11 +273,11 @@ class BaseClient:
             ecflag = int(resp.child('cardmng').attribute('ecflag'))
 
             if binded != 0:
-                raise Exception('Card \'{}\' returned invalid binded value \'{}\''.format(card_id, binded))
+                raise Exception(f'Card \'{card_id}\' returned invalid binded value \'{binded}\'')
             if newflag != 1:
-                raise Exception('Card \'{}\' returned invalid newflag value \'{}\''.format(card_id, newflag))
+                raise Exception(f'Card \'{card_id}\' returned invalid newflag value \'{newflag}\'')
             if ecflag != (1 if paseli_enabled else 0):
-                raise Exception('Card \'{}\' returned invalid ecflag value \'{}\''.format(card_id, newflag))
+                raise Exception(f'Card \'{card_id}\' returned invalid ecflag value \'{newflag}\'')
 
             # Return the refid
             return resp.child('cardmng').attribute('refid')
@@ -298,16 +293,16 @@ class BaseClient:
             ecflag = int(resp.child('cardmng').attribute('ecflag'))
 
             if binded != 1:
-                raise Exception('Card \'{}\' returned invalid binded value \'{}\''.format(card_id, binded))
+                raise Exception(f'Card \'{card_id}\' returned invalid binded value \'{binded}\'')
             if newflag != 1:
-                raise Exception('Card \'{}\' returned invalid newflag value \'{}\''.format(card_id, newflag))
+                raise Exception(f'Card \'{card_id}\' returned invalid newflag value \'{newflag}\'')
             if ecflag != (1 if paseli_enabled else 0):
-                raise Exception('Card \'{}\' returned invalid ecflag value \'{}\''.format(card_id, newflag))
+                raise Exception(f'Card \'{card_id}\' returned invalid ecflag value \'{newflag}\'')
 
             # Return the refid
             return resp.child('cardmng').attribute('refid')
         else:
-            raise Exception('Unrecognized message type \'{}\''.format(msg_type))
+            raise Exception(f'Unrecognized message type \'{msg_type}\'')
 
     def verify_cardmng_getrefid(self, card_id: str) -> str:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -347,7 +342,7 @@ class BaseClient:
 
         status = int(resp.child('cardmng').attribute('status'))
         if status != (self.CARD_OK if correct else self.CARD_BAD_PIN):
-            raise Exception('Ref ID \'{}\' returned invalid status \'{}\''.format(ref_id, status))
+            raise Exception(f'Ref ID \'{ref_id}\' returned invalid status \'{status}\'')
 
     def verify_eacoin_checkin(self, card_id: str) -> Tuple[str, int]:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -392,7 +387,7 @@ class BaseClient:
 
         newbalance = resp.child('eacoin').child_value('balance')
         if balance - amount != newbalance:
-            raise Exception("Expected to get back balance {} but got {}".format(balance - amount, newbalance))
+            raise Exception(f"Expected to get back balance {balance - amount} but got {newbalance}")
 
     def verify_eacoin_checkout(self, session: str) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()

bemani/client/bishi/bishi.py

@@ -187,15 +187,15 @@ class TheStarBishiBashiClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             # Bishi doesn't read a new profile, it just writes out CSV for a blank one
             self.verify_usergamedata_send(ref_id, msg_type='new')
         else:
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ class TheStarBishiBashiClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         if cardid is None:
             # Verify profile saving

bemani/client/ddr/ddr2013.py

@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ class DDR2013Client(BaseClient):
             self.assert_path(resp, "response/game/flag")
             self.assert_path(resp, "response/game/rank")
             for i in range(55):
-                self.assert_path(resp, "response/game/play_area/@play_cnt{}".format(i))
+                self.assert_path(resp, f"response/game/play_area/@play_cnt{i}")
 
             gr_s = resp.child('game/gr_s')
             gr_d = resp.child('game/gr_d')
@@ -537,15 +537,15 @@ class DDR2013Client(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             # Bishi doesn't read a new profile, it just writes out CSV for a blank one
             self.verify_game_load(ref_id, msg_type='new')
             self.verify_game_new(ref_id)
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ class DDR2013Client(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify locking and unlocking profile ability
         self.verify_game_lock(ref_id, 1)
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ class DDR2013Client(BaseClient):
                 for score in dummyscores:
                     data = scores.get(score['id'], {}).get(score['chart'], None)
                     if data is None:
-                        raise Exception('Expected to get score back for song {} chart {}!'.format(score['id'], score['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected to get score back for song {score["id"]} chart {score["chart"]}!')
 
                     # Verify the attributes of the score
                     expected_score = score.get('expected_score', score['score'])
@@ -706,22 +706,16 @@ class DDR2013Client(BaseClient):
                     expected_halo = score.get('expected_halo', score['halo'])
 
                     if data['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], data['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{data["score"]}\'')
                     if data['rank'] != expected_rank:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a rank of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got rank \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_rank, score['id'], score['chart'], data['rank'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a rank of \'{expected_rank}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got rank \'{data["rank"]}\'')
                     if data['halo'] != expected_halo:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a halo of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got halo \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_halo, score['id'], score['chart'], data['halo'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a halo of \'{expected_halo}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got halo \'{data["halo"]}\'')
 
                     # Verify that the last score is our score
                     last_five = self.verify_game_score(ref_id, score['id'], score['chart'])
                     if last_five[0] != score['score']:
-                        raise Exception('Invalid score returned for last five scores on song {} chart {}!'.format(score['id'], score['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f'Invalid score returned for last five scores on song {score["id"]} chart {score["chart"]}!')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/ddr/ddr2014.py

@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ class DDR2014Client(BaseClient):
             self.assert_path(resp, "response/game/target/@flag")
             self.assert_path(resp, "response/game/target/@setnum")
             for i in range(55):
-                self.assert_path(resp, "response/game/play_area/@play_cnt{}".format(i))
+                self.assert_path(resp, f"response/game/play_area/@play_cnt{i}")
 
             gr_s = resp.child('game/gr_s')
             gr_d = resp.child('game/gr_d')
@@ -539,15 +539,15 @@ class DDR2014Client(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             # Bishi doesn't read a new profile, it just writes out CSV for a blank one
             self.verify_game_load(ref_id, msg_type='new')
             self.verify_game_new(ref_id)
@@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ class DDR2014Client(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify locking and unlocking profile ability
         self.verify_game_lock(ref_id, 1)
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ class DDR2014Client(BaseClient):
                 for score in dummyscores:
                     data = scores.get(score['id'], {}).get(score['chart'], None)
                     if data is None:
-                        raise Exception('Expected to get score back for song {} chart {}!'.format(score['id'], score['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected to get score back for song {score["id"]} chart {score["chart"]}!')
 
                     # Verify the attributes of the score
                     expected_score = score.get('expected_score', score['score'])
@@ -703,17 +703,11 @@ class DDR2014Client(BaseClient):
                     expected_halo = score.get('expected_halo', score['halo'])
 
                     if data['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], data['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{data["score"]}\'')
                     if data['rank'] != expected_rank:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a rank of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got rank \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_rank, score['id'], score['chart'], data['rank'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a rank of \'{expected_rank}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got rank \'{data["rank"]}\'')
                     if data['halo'] != expected_halo:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a halo of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got halo \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_halo, score['id'], score['chart'], data['halo'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a halo of \'{expected_halo}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got halo \'{data["halo"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/ddr/ddrace.py

@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ class DDRAceClient(BaseClient):
             profiledata['COMMON'][25] = self.NAME.encode('shift-jis')
 
         else:
-            raise Exception('Unknown message type {}!'.format(msg_type))
+            raise Exception(f'Unknown message type {msg_type}!')
 
         if send_only_common:
             profiledata = {'COMMON': profiledata['COMMON']}
@@ -707,16 +707,16 @@ class DDRAceClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             self.verify_system_convcardnumber(card)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             extid = self.verify_playerdata_usergamedata_advanced_usernew(ref_id)
             self.verify_usergamedata_send(ref_id, extid, 'new')
             self.verify_playerdata_usergamedata_advanced_inheritance(ref_id, location)
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ class DDRAceClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         if cardid is None:
             is_new, music = self.verify_playerdata_usergamedata_advanced_userload(ref_id)
@@ -836,7 +836,7 @@ class DDRAceClient(BaseClient):
                             break
 
                     if actual is None:
-                        raise Exception("Didn't find song {} chart {} in response!".format(expected['id'], expected['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f"Didn't find song {expected['id']} chart {expected['chart']} in response!")
 
                     if 'expected_score' in expected:
                         expected_score = expected['expected_score']
@@ -852,17 +852,11 @@ class DDRAceClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_halo = expected['halo']
 
                     if actual['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got score \'{actual["score"]}\'')
                     if actual['rank'] != expected_rank:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a rank of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got rank \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_rank, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['rank'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a rank of \'{expected_rank}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got rank \'{actual["rank"]}\'')
                     if actual['halo'] != expected_halo:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a halo of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got halo \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_halo, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['halo'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a halo of \'{expected_halo}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got halo \'{actual["halo"]}\'')
 
                     # Now verify that the ghost for this score is what we saved
                     ghost = self.verify_playerdata_usergamedata_advanced_ghostload(ref_id, received['ghostid'])
@@ -872,21 +866,13 @@ class DDRAceClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_ghost = expected['ghost']
 
                     if ghost['id'] != received['id']:
-                        raise Exception('Wrong song ID \'{}\' returned for ghost, expected ID \'{}\''.format(
-                            ghost['id'], received['id'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Wrong song ID \'{ghost["id"]}\' returned for ghost, expected ID \'{received["id"]}\'')
                     if ghost['chart'] != received['chart']:
-                        raise Exception('Wrong song chart \'{}\' returned for ghost, expected chart \'{}\''.format(
-                            ghost['chart'], received['chart'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Wrong song chart \'{ghost["chart"]}\' returned for ghost, expected chart \'{received["chart"]}\'')
                     if ghost['ghost'] != expected_ghost:
-                        raise Exception('Wrong ghost data \'{}\' returned for ghost, expected \'{}\''.format(
-                            ghost['ghost'], expected_ghost,
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Wrong ghost data \'{ghost["ghost"]}\' returned for ghost, expected \'{expected_ghost}\'')
                     if ghost['extid'] != extid:
-                        raise Exception('Wrong extid \'{}\' returned for ghost, expected \'{}\''.format(
-                            ghost['extid'], extid,
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Wrong extid \'{ghost["extid"]}\' returned for ghost, expected \'{extid}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/ddr/ddrx2.py

@@ -497,15 +497,15 @@ class DDRX2Client(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             # Bishi doesn't read a new profile, it just writes out CSV for a blank one
             self.verify_game_load(ref_id, msg_type='new')
             self.verify_game_new(ref_id)
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ class DDRX2Client(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify locking and unlocking profile ability
         self.verify_game_lock(ref_id, 1)
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ class DDRX2Client(BaseClient):
                 for score in dummyscores:
                     data = scores.get(score['id'], {}).get(score['chart'], None)
                     if data is None:
-                        raise Exception('Expected to get score back for song {} chart {}!'.format(score['id'], score['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected to get score back for song {score["id"]} chart {score["chart"]}!')
 
                     # Verify the attributes of the score
                     expected_score = score.get('expected_score', score['score'])
@@ -660,22 +660,16 @@ class DDRX2Client(BaseClient):
                     expected_halo = score.get('expected_halo', score['halo'])
 
                     if data['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], data['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{data["score"]}\'')
                     if data['rank'] != expected_rank:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a rank of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got rank \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_rank, score['id'], score['chart'], data['rank'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a rank of \'{expected_rank}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got rank \'{data["rank"]}\'')
                     if data['halo'] != expected_halo:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a halo of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got halo \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_halo, score['id'], score['chart'], data['halo'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a halo of \'{expected_halo}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got halo \'{data["halo"]}\'')
 
                     # Verify that the last score is our score
                     last_five = self.verify_game_score(ref_id, score['id'], score['chart'])
                     if last_five[0] != score['score']:
-                        raise Exception('Invalid score returned for last five scores on song {} chart {}!'.format(score['id'], score['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f'Invalid score returned for last five scores on song {score["id"]} chart {score["chart"]}!')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)
@@ -739,7 +733,7 @@ class DDRX2Client(BaseClient):
                 for course in dummycourses:
                     data = courses.get(course['id'], {}).get(course['chart'], None)
                     if data is None:
-                        raise Exception('Expected to get course back for course {} chart {}!'.format(course['id'], course['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected to get course back for course {course["id"]} chart {course["chart"]}!')
 
                     expected_score = course.get('expected_score', course['score'])
                     expected_combo = course.get('expected_combo', course['combo'])
@@ -748,25 +742,15 @@ class DDRX2Client(BaseClient):
                     expected_combo_type = course.get('expected_combo_type', course['combo_type'])
 
                     if data['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for course \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, course['id'], course['chart'], data['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for course \'{course["id"]}\' chart \'{course["chart"]}\' but got score \'{data["score"]}\'')
                     if data['combo'] != expected_combo:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a combo of \'{}\' for course \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got combo \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_combo, course['id'], course['chart'], data['combo'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a combo of \'{expected_combo}\' for course \'{course["id"]}\' chart \'{course["chart"]}\' but got combo \'{data["combo"]}\'')
                     if data['rank'] != expected_rank:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a rank of \'{}\' for course \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got rank \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_rank, course['id'], course['chart'], data['rank'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a rank of \'{expected_rank}\' for course \'{course["id"]}\' chart \'{course["chart"]}\' but got rank \'{data["rank"]}\'')
                     if data['stage'] != expected_stage:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a stage of \'{}\' for course \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got stage \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_stage, course['id'], course['chart'], data['stage'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a stage of \'{expected_stage}\' for course \'{course["id"]}\' chart \'{course["chart"]}\' but got stage \'{data["stage"]}\'')
                     if data['combo_type'] != expected_combo_type:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a combo_type of \'{}\' for course \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got combo_type \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_combo_type, course['id'], course['chart'], data['combo_type'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a combo_type of \'{expected_combo_type}\' for course \'{course["id"]}\' chart \'{course["chart"]}\' but got combo_type \'{data["combo_type"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/ddr/ddrx3.py

@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ class DDRX3Client(BaseClient):
             self.assert_path(resp, "response/game/flag")
             self.assert_path(resp, "response/game/rank")
             for i in range(55):
-                self.assert_path(resp, "response/game/play_area/@play_cnt{}".format(i))
+                self.assert_path(resp, f"response/game/play_area/@play_cnt{i}")
 
             gr_s = resp.child('game/gr_s')
             gr_d = resp.child('game/gr_d')
@@ -574,15 +574,15 @@ class DDRX3Client(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             # Bishi doesn't read a new profile, it just writes out CSV for a blank one
             self.verify_game_load(ref_id, msg_type='new')
             self.verify_game_new(ref_id)
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ class DDRX3Client(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify locking and unlocking profile ability
         self.verify_game_lock(ref_id, 1)
@@ -775,7 +775,7 @@ class DDRX3Client(BaseClient):
                 for score in dummyscores:
                     data = scores.get(score['id'], {}).get(score['chart'], None)
                     if data is None:
-                        raise Exception('Expected to get score back for song {} chart {}!'.format(score['id'], score['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected to get score back for song {score["id"]} chart {score["chart"]}!')
 
                     # Verify the attributes of the score
                     expected_score = score.get('expected_score', score['score'])
@@ -786,31 +786,21 @@ class DDRX3Client(BaseClient):
 
                     if score['score'] != 0:
                         if data['score'] != expected_score:
-                            raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                                expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], data['score'],
-                            ))
+                            raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{data["score"]}\'')
                         if data['rank'] != expected_rank:
-                            raise Exception('Expected a rank of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got rank \'{}\''.format(
-                                expected_rank, score['id'], score['chart'], data['rank'],
-                            ))
+                            raise Exception(f'Expected a rank of \'{expected_rank}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got rank \'{data["rank"]}\'')
                         if data['halo'] != expected_halo:
-                            raise Exception('Expected a halo of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got halo \'{}\''.format(
-                                expected_halo, score['id'], score['chart'], data['halo'],
-                            ))
+                            raise Exception(f'Expected a halo of \'{expected_halo}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got halo \'{data["halo"]}\'')
 
                         # Verify that the last score is our score
                         last_five = self.verify_game_score(ref_id, score['id'], score['chart'])
                         if last_five[0] != score['score']:
-                            raise Exception('Invalid score returned for last five scores on song {} chart {}!'.format(score['id'], score['chart']))
+                            raise Exception(f'Invalid score returned for last five scores on song {score["id"]} chart {score["chart"]}!')
                     if score['score_2nd'] != 0:
                         if data['score_2nd'] != expected_score_2nd:
-                            raise Exception('Expected a score_2nd of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score_2nd \'{}\''.format(
-                                expected_score_2nd, score['id'], score['chart'], data['score_2nd'],
-                            ))
+                            raise Exception(f'Expected a score_2nd of \'{expected_score_2nd}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score_2nd \'{data["score_2nd"]}\'')
                         if data['rank_2nd'] != expected_rank_2nd:
-                            raise Exception('Expected a rank_2nd of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got rank_2nd \'{}\''.format(
-                                expected_rank_2nd, score['id'], score['chart'], data['rank_2nd'],
-                            ))
+                            raise Exception(f'Expected a rank_2nd of \'{expected_rank_2nd}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got rank_2nd \'{data["rank_2nd"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)
@@ -874,7 +864,7 @@ class DDRX3Client(BaseClient):
                 for course in dummycourses:
                     data = courses.get(course['id'], {}).get(course['chart'], None)
                     if data is None:
-                        raise Exception('Expected to get course back for course {} chart {}!'.format(course['id'], course['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected to get course back for course {course["id"]} chart {course["chart"]}!')
 
                     expected_score = course.get('expected_score', course['score'])
                     expected_combo = course.get('expected_combo', course['combo'])
@@ -883,25 +873,15 @@ class DDRX3Client(BaseClient):
                     expected_combo_type = course.get('expected_combo_type', course['combo_type'])
 
                     if data['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for course \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, course['id'], course['chart'], data['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for course \'{course["id"]}\' chart \'{course["chart"]}\' but got score \'{data["score"]}\'')
                     if data['combo'] != expected_combo:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a combo of \'{}\' for course \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got combo \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_combo, course['id'], course['chart'], data['combo'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a combo of \'{expected_combo}\' for course \'{course["id"]}\' chart \'{course["chart"]}\' but got combo \'{data["combo"]}\'')
                     if data['rank'] != expected_rank:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a rank of \'{}\' for course \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got rank \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_rank, course['id'], course['chart'], data['rank'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a rank of \'{expected_rank}\' for course \'{course["id"]}\' chart \'{course["chart"]}\' but got rank \'{data["rank"]}\'')
                     if data['stage'] != expected_stage:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a stage of \'{}\' for course \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got stage \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_stage, course['id'], course['chart'], data['stage'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a stage of \'{expected_stage}\' for course \'{course["id"]}\' chart \'{course["chart"]}\' but got stage \'{data["stage"]}\'')
                     if data['combo_type'] != expected_combo_type:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a combo_type of \'{}\' for course \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got combo_type \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_combo_type, course['id'], course['chart'], data['combo_type'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a combo_type of \'{expected_combo_type}\' for course \'{course["id"]}\' chart \'{course["chart"]}\' but got combo_type \'{data["combo_type"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/iidx/copula.py

@@ -85,12 +85,12 @@ class IIDXCopulaClient(BaseClient):
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/IIDX23music")
         for child in resp.child("IIDX23music").children:
             if child.name != 'c':
-                raise Exception('Invalid node {} in clear rate response!'.format(child))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid node {child} in clear rate response!')
             if len(child.value) != 12:
-                raise Exception('Invalid node data {} in clear rate response!'.format(child))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid node data {child} in clear rate response!')
             for v in child.value:
                 if v < 0 or v > 101:
-                    raise Exception('Invalid clear percent {} in clear rate response!'.format(child))
+                    raise Exception(f'Invalid clear percent {child} in clear rate response!')
 
     def verify_iidx23shop_getconvention(self, lid: str) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class IIDXCopulaClient(BaseClient):
 
         name = resp.child('IIDX23pc/pcdata').attribute('name')
         if name != self.NAME:
-            raise Exception('Invalid name \'{}\' returned for Ref ID \'{}\''.format(name, ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid name \'{name}\' returned for Ref ID \'{ref_id}\'')
 
         # Extract and return account data
         ir_data: Dict[int, Dict[int, Dict[str, int]]] = {}
@@ -657,15 +657,15 @@ class IIDXCopulaClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             self.verify_iidx23pc_reg(ref_id, card, lid)
             self.verify_iidx23pc_get(ref_id, card, lid)
         else:
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ class IIDXCopulaClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         if cardid is None:
             # Verify score handling
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ class IIDXCopulaClient(BaseClient):
                 for score in dummyscores:
                     data = scores.get(score['id'], {}).get(score['chart'], None)
                     if data is None:
-                        raise Exception('Expected to get score back for song {} chart {}!'.format(score['id'], score['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected to get score back for song {score["id"]} chart {score["chart"]}!')
 
                     if 'expected_ex_score' in score:
                         expected_score = score['expected_ex_score']
@@ -786,30 +786,22 @@ class IIDXCopulaClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_miss_count = score['mnum']
 
                     if data['ex_score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], data['ex_score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{data["ex_score"]}\'')
                     if data['clear_status'] != expected_clear_status:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a clear status of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got clear status \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_clear_status, score['id'], score['chart'], data['clear_status'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a clear status of \'{expected_clear_status}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got clear status \'{data["clear_status"]}\'')
                     if data['miss_count'] != expected_miss_count:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a miss count of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got miss count \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_miss_count, score['id'], score['chart'], data['miss_count'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a miss count of \'{expected_miss_count}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got miss count \'{data["miss_count"]}\'')
 
                     # Verify we can fetch our own ghost
                     ex_score, ghost = self.verify_iidx23music_appoint(profile['extid'], score['id'], score['chart'])
                     if ex_score != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], data['ex_score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{data["ex_score"]}\'')
 
                     if len(ghost) != 64:
-                        raise Exception('Wrong ghost length {} for ghost!'.format(len(ghost)))
+                        raise Exception(f'Wrong ghost length {len(ghost)} for ghost!')
                     for g in ghost:
                         if g != 0x01:
-                            raise Exception('Got back wrong ghost data for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\''.format(score['id'], score['chart']))
+                            raise Exception(f'Got back wrong ghost data for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)
@@ -866,9 +858,9 @@ class IIDXCopulaClient(BaseClient):
             })
             scores = self.verify_iidx23music_getrank(profile['extid'])
             if 1000 not in scores:
-                raise Exception('Didn\'t get expected scores back for song {} beginner chart!'.format(1000))
+                raise Exception(f'Didn\'t get expected scores back for song {1000} beginner chart!')
             if 6 not in scores[1000]:
-                raise Exception('Didn\'t get beginner score back for song {}!'.format(1000))
+                raise Exception(f'Didn\'t get beginner score back for song {1000}!')
             if scores[1000][6] != {'clear_status': 4, 'ex_score': -1, 'miss_count': -1}:
                 raise Exception('Didn\'t get correct status back from beginner save!')
 
@@ -887,7 +879,7 @@ class IIDXCopulaClient(BaseClient):
             profile = self.verify_iidx23pc_get(ref_id, card, lid)
             for ptype in ['ir_data', 'secret_course_data']:
                 if profile[ptype] != {2: {1: {'clear_status': 4, 'pgnum': 1771, 'gnum': 967}}}:
-                    raise Exception('Invalid data {} returned on profile load for {}!'.format(profile[ptype], ptype))
+                    raise Exception(f'Invalid data {profile[ptype]} returned on profile load for {ptype}!')
         else:
             print("Skipping score checks for existing card")
 

bemani/client/iidx/pendual.py

@@ -85,12 +85,12 @@ class IIDXPendualClient(BaseClient):
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/IIDX22music")
         for child in resp.child("IIDX22music").children:
             if child.name != 'c':
-                raise Exception('Invalid node {} in clear rate response!'.format(child))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid node {child} in clear rate response!')
             if len(child.value) != 12:
-                raise Exception('Invalid node data {} in clear rate response!'.format(child))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid node data {child} in clear rate response!')
             for v in child.value:
                 if v < 0 or v > 101:
-                    raise Exception('Invalid clear percent {} in clear rate response!'.format(child))
+                    raise Exception(f'Invalid clear percent {child} in clear rate response!')
 
     def verify_iidx22shop_getconvention(self, lid: str) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ class IIDXPendualClient(BaseClient):
 
         name = resp.child('IIDX22pc/pcdata').attribute('name')
         if name != self.NAME:
-            raise Exception('Invalid name \'{}\' returned for Ref ID \'{}\''.format(name, ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid name \'{name}\' returned for Ref ID \'{ref_id}\'')
 
         # Extract and return account data
         ir_data: Dict[int, Dict[int, Dict[str, int]]] = {}
@@ -658,15 +658,15 @@ class IIDXPendualClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             self.verify_iidx22pc_reg(ref_id, card, lid)
             self.verify_iidx22pc_get(ref_id, card, lid)
         else:
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ class IIDXPendualClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         if cardid is None:
             # Verify score handling
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@ class IIDXPendualClient(BaseClient):
                 for score in dummyscores:
                     data = scores.get(score['id'], {}).get(score['chart'], None)
                     if data is None:
-                        raise Exception('Expected to get score back for song {} chart {}!'.format(score['id'], score['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected to get score back for song {score["id"]} chart {score["chart"]}!')
 
                     if 'expected_ex_score' in score:
                         expected_score = score['expected_ex_score']
@@ -787,30 +787,22 @@ class IIDXPendualClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_miss_count = score['mnum']
 
                     if data['ex_score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], data['ex_score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{data["ex_score"]}\'')
                     if data['clear_status'] != expected_clear_status:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a clear status of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got clear status \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_clear_status, score['id'], score['chart'], data['clear_status'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a clear status of \'{expected_clear_status}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got clear status \'{data["clear_status"]}\'')
                     if data['miss_count'] != expected_miss_count:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a miss count of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got miss count \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_miss_count, score['id'], score['chart'], data['miss_count'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a miss count of \'{expected_miss_count}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got miss count \'{data["miss_count"]}\'')
 
                     # Verify we can fetch our own ghost
                     ex_score, ghost = self.verify_iidx22music_appoint(profile['extid'], score['id'], score['chart'])
                     if ex_score != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], data['ex_score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{data["ex_score"]}\'')
 
                     if len(ghost) != 64:
-                        raise Exception('Wrong ghost length {} for ghost!'.format(len(ghost)))
+                        raise Exception(f'Wrong ghost length {len(ghost)} for ghost!')
                     for g in ghost:
                         if g != 0x01:
-                            raise Exception('Got back wrong ghost data for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\''.format(score['id'], score['chart']))
+                            raise Exception(f'Got back wrong ghost data for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)
@@ -867,9 +859,9 @@ class IIDXPendualClient(BaseClient):
             })
             scores = self.verify_iidx22music_getrank(profile['extid'])
             if 1000 not in scores:
-                raise Exception('Didn\'t get expected scores back for song {} beginner chart!'.format(1000))
+                raise Exception(f'Didn\'t get expected scores back for song {1000} beginner chart!')
             if 6 not in scores[1000]:
-                raise Exception('Didn\'t get beginner score back for song {}!'.format(1000))
+                raise Exception(f'Didn\'t get beginner score back for song {1000}!')
             if scores[1000][6] != {'clear_status': 4, 'ex_score': -1, 'miss_count': -1}:
                 raise Exception('Didn\'t get correct status back from beginner save!')
 
@@ -888,7 +880,7 @@ class IIDXPendualClient(BaseClient):
             profile = self.verify_iidx22pc_get(ref_id, card, lid)
             for ptype in ['ir_data', 'secret_course_data']:
                 if profile[ptype] != {2: {1: {'clear_status': 4, 'pgnum': 1771, 'gnum': 967}}}:
-                    raise Exception('Invalid data {} returned on profile load for {}!'.format(profile[ptype], ptype))
+                    raise Exception(f'Invalid data {profile[ptype]} returned on profile load for {ptype}!')
         else:
             print("Skipping score checks for existing card")
 

bemani/client/iidx/sinobuz.py

@@ -87,12 +87,12 @@ class IIDXSinobuzClient(BaseClient):
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/IIDX24music")
         for child in resp.child("IIDX24music").children:
             if child.name != 'c':
-                raise Exception('Invalid node {} in clear rate response!'.format(child))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid node {child} in clear rate response!')
             if len(child.value) != 12:
-                raise Exception('Invalid node data {} in clear rate response!'.format(child))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid node data {child} in clear rate response!')
             for v in child.value:
                 if v < 0 or v > 1001:
-                    raise Exception('Invalid clear percent {} in clear rate response!'.format(child))
+                    raise Exception(f'Invalid clear percent {child} in clear rate response!')
 
     def verify_iidx24shop_getconvention(self, lid: str) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ class IIDXSinobuzClient(BaseClient):
 
         name = resp.child('IIDX24pc/pcdata').attribute('name')
         if name != self.NAME:
-            raise Exception('Invalid name \'{}\' returned for Ref ID \'{}\''.format(name, ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid name \'{name}\' returned for Ref ID \'{ref_id}\'')
 
         # Extract and return account data
         ir_data: Dict[int, Dict[int, Dict[str, int]]] = {}
@@ -705,15 +705,15 @@ class IIDXSinobuzClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             self.verify_iidx24pc_reg(ref_id, card, lid)
             self.verify_iidx24pc_get(ref_id, card, lid)
         else:
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ class IIDXSinobuzClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         if cardid is None:
             # Verify score handling
@@ -818,7 +818,7 @@ class IIDXSinobuzClient(BaseClient):
                 for score in dummyscores:
                     data = scores.get(score['id'], {}).get(score['chart'], None)
                     if data is None:
-                        raise Exception('Expected to get score back for song {} chart {}!'.format(score['id'], score['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected to get score back for song {score["id"]} chart {score["chart"]}!')
 
                     if 'expected_ex_score' in score:
                         expected_score = score['expected_ex_score']
@@ -834,30 +834,22 @@ class IIDXSinobuzClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_miss_count = score['mnum']
 
                     if data['ex_score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], data['ex_score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{data["ex_score"]}\'')
                     if data['clear_status'] != expected_clear_status:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a clear status of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got clear status \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_clear_status, score['id'], score['chart'], data['clear_status'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a clear status of \'{expected_clear_status}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got clear status \'{data["clear_status"]}\'')
                     if data['miss_count'] != expected_miss_count:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a miss count of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got miss count \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_miss_count, score['id'], score['chart'], data['miss_count'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a miss count of \'{expected_miss_count}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got miss count \'{data["miss_count"]}\'')
 
                     # Verify we can fetch our own ghost
                     ex_score, ghost = self.verify_iidx24music_appoint(profile['extid'], score['id'], score['chart'])
                     if ex_score != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], data['ex_score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{data["ex_score"]}\'')
 
                     if len(ghost) != 64:
-                        raise Exception('Wrong ghost length {} for ghost!'.format(len(ghost)))
+                        raise Exception(f'Wrong ghost length {len(ghost)} for ghost!')
                     for g in ghost:
                         if g != 0x01:
-                            raise Exception('Got back wrong ghost data for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\''.format(score['id'], score['chart']))
+                            raise Exception(f'Got back wrong ghost data for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)
@@ -914,9 +906,9 @@ class IIDXSinobuzClient(BaseClient):
             })
             scores = self.verify_iidx24music_getrank(profile['extid'])
             if 1000 not in scores:
-                raise Exception('Didn\'t get expected scores back for song {} beginner chart!'.format(1000))
+                raise Exception(f'Didn\'t get expected scores back for song {1000} beginner chart!')
             if 6 not in scores[1000]:
-                raise Exception('Didn\'t get beginner score back for song {}!'.format(1000))
+                raise Exception(f'Didn\'t get beginner score back for song {1000}!')
             if scores[1000][6] != {'clear_status': 4, 'ex_score': -1, 'miss_count': -1}:
                 raise Exception('Didn\'t get correct status back from beginner save!')
 
@@ -936,7 +928,7 @@ class IIDXSinobuzClient(BaseClient):
             profile = self.verify_iidx24pc_get(ref_id, card, lid)
             for ptype in ['ir_data', 'secret_course_data', 'classic_course_data']:
                 if profile[ptype] != {2: {1: {'clear_status': 4, 'pgnum': 1771, 'gnum': 967}}}:
-                    raise Exception('Invalid data {} returned on profile load for {}!'.format(profile[ptype], ptype))
+                    raise Exception(f'Invalid data {profile[ptype]} returned on profile load for {ptype}!')
         else:
             print("Skipping score checks for existing card")
 

bemani/client/iidx/spada.py

@@ -87,12 +87,12 @@ class IIDXSpadaClient(BaseClient):
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/IIDX21music")
         for child in resp.child("IIDX21music").children:
             if child.name != 'c':
-                raise Exception('Invalid node {} in clear rate response!'.format(child))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid node {child} in clear rate response!')
             if len(child.value) != 12:
-                raise Exception('Invalid node data {} in clear rate response!'.format(child))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid node data {child} in clear rate response!')
             for v in child.value:
                 if v < 0 or v > 101:
-                    raise Exception('Invalid clear percent {} in clear rate response!'.format(child))
+                    raise Exception(f'Invalid clear percent {child} in clear rate response!')
 
     def verify_iidx21shop_getconvention(self, lid: str) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ class IIDXSpadaClient(BaseClient):
 
         name = resp.child('IIDX21pc/pcdata').attribute('name')
         if name != self.NAME:
-            raise Exception('Invalid name \'{}\' returned for Ref ID \'{}\''.format(name, ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid name \'{name}\' returned for Ref ID \'{ref_id}\'')
 
         return {
             'extid': int(resp.child('IIDX21pc/pcdata').attribute('id')),
@@ -575,15 +575,15 @@ class IIDXSpadaClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             self.verify_iidx21pc_reg(ref_id, card, lid)
             self.verify_iidx21pc_get(ref_id, card, lid)
         else:
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ class IIDXSpadaClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         if cardid is None:
             # Verify score handling
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ class IIDXSpadaClient(BaseClient):
                 for score in dummyscores:
                     data = scores.get(score['id'], {}).get(score['chart'], None)
                     if data is None:
-                        raise Exception('Expected to get score back for song {} chart {}!'.format(score['id'], score['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected to get score back for song {score["id"]} chart {score["chart"]}!')
 
                     if 'expected_ex_score' in score:
                         expected_score = score['expected_ex_score']
@@ -698,30 +698,22 @@ class IIDXSpadaClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_miss_count = score['mnum']
 
                     if data['ex_score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], data['ex_score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{data["ex_score"]}\'')
                     if data['clear_status'] != expected_clear_status:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a clear status of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got clear status \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_clear_status, score['id'], score['chart'], data['clear_status'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a clear status of \'{expected_clear_status}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got clear status \'{data["clear_status"]}\'')
                     if data['miss_count'] != expected_miss_count:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a miss count of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got miss count \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_miss_count, score['id'], score['chart'], data['miss_count'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a miss count of \'{expected_miss_count}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got miss count \'{data["miss_count"]}\'')
 
                     # Verify we can fetch our own ghost
                     ex_score, ghost = self.verify_iidx21music_appoint(profile['extid'], score['id'], score['chart'])
                     if ex_score != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], data['ex_score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{data["ex_score"]}\'')
 
                     if len(ghost) != 64:
-                        raise Exception('Wrong ghost length {} for ghost!'.format(len(ghost)))
+                        raise Exception(f'Wrong ghost length {len(ghost)} for ghost!')
                     for g in ghost:
                         if g != 0x01:
-                            raise Exception('Got back wrong ghost data for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\''.format(score['id'], score['chart']))
+                            raise Exception(f'Got back wrong ghost data for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)
@@ -756,9 +748,9 @@ class IIDXSpadaClient(BaseClient):
             })
             scores = self.verify_iidx21music_getrank(profile['extid'])
             if 1000 not in scores:
-                raise Exception('Didn\'t get expected scores back for song {} beginner chart!'.format(1000))
+                raise Exception(f'Didn\'t get expected scores back for song {1000} beginner chart!')
             if 6 not in scores[1000]:
-                raise Exception('Didn\'t get beginner score back for song {}!'.format(1000))
+                raise Exception(f'Didn\'t get beginner score back for song {1000}!')
             if scores[1000][6] != {'clear_status': 4, 'ex_score': -1, 'miss_count': -1}:
                 raise Exception('Didn\'t get correct status back from beginner save!')
 

bemani/client/iidx/tricoro.py

@@ -84,12 +84,12 @@ class IIDXTricoroClient(BaseClient):
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/music")
         for child in resp.child("music").children:
             if child.name != 'c':
-                raise Exception('Invalid node {} in clear rate response!'.format(child))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid node {child} in clear rate response!')
             if len(child.value) != 12:
-                raise Exception('Invalid node data {} in clear rate response!'.format(child))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid node data {child} in clear rate response!')
             for v in child.value:
                 if v < 0 or v > 101:
-                    raise Exception('Invalid clear percent {} in clear rate response!'.format(child))
+                    raise Exception(f'Invalid clear percent {child} in clear rate response!')
 
     def verify_shop_getconvention(self, lid: str) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ class IIDXTricoroClient(BaseClient):
 
         name = resp.child('pc/pcdata').attribute('name')
         if name != self.NAME:
-            raise Exception('Invalid name \'{}\' returned for Ref ID \'{}\''.format(name, ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid name \'{name}\' returned for Ref ID \'{ref_id}\'')
 
         return {
             'extid': int(resp.child('pc/pcdata').attribute('id')),
@@ -545,15 +545,15 @@ class IIDXTricoroClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             self.verify_pc_reg(ref_id, card, lid)
             self.verify_pc_get(ref_id, card, lid)
         else:
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ class IIDXTricoroClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         if cardid is None:
             # Verify score handling
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ class IIDXTricoroClient(BaseClient):
                 for score in dummyscores:
                     data = scores.get(score['id'], {}).get(score['chart'], None)
                     if data is None:
-                        raise Exception('Expected to get score back for song {} chart {}!'.format(score['id'], score['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected to get score back for song {score["id"]} chart {score["chart"]}!')
 
                     if 'expected_ex_score' in score:
                         expected_score = score['expected_ex_score']
@@ -668,30 +668,22 @@ class IIDXTricoroClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_miss_count = score['mnum']
 
                     if data['ex_score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], data['ex_score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{data["ex_score"]}\'')
                     if data['clear_status'] != expected_clear_status:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a clear status of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got clear status \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_clear_status, score['id'], score['chart'], data['clear_status'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a clear status of \'{expected_clear_status}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got clear status \'{data["clear_status"]}\'')
                     if data['miss_count'] != expected_miss_count:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a miss count of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got miss count \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_miss_count, score['id'], score['chart'], data['miss_count'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a miss count of \'{expected_miss_count}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got miss count \'{data["miss_count"]}\'')
 
                     # Verify we can fetch our own ghost
                     ex_score, ghost = self.verify_music_appoint(profile['extid'], score['id'], score['chart'])
                     if ex_score != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], data['ex_score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{data["ex_score"]}\'')
 
                     if len(ghost) != 64:
-                        raise Exception('Wrong ghost length {} for ghost!'.format(len(ghost)))
+                        raise Exception(f'Wrong ghost length {len(ghost)} for ghost!')
                     for g in ghost:
                         if g != 0x01:
-                            raise Exception('Got back wrong ghost data for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\''.format(score['id'], score['chart']))
+                            raise Exception(f'Got back wrong ghost data for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)
@@ -726,9 +718,9 @@ class IIDXTricoroClient(BaseClient):
             })
             scores = self.verify_music_getrank(profile['extid'])
             if 1000 not in scores:
-                raise Exception('Didn\'t get expected scores back for song {} beginner chart!'.format(1000))
+                raise Exception(f'Didn\'t get expected scores back for song {1000} beginner chart!')
             if 6 not in scores[1000]:
-                raise Exception('Didn\'t get beginner score back for song {}!'.format(1000))
+                raise Exception(f'Didn\'t get beginner score back for song {1000}!')
             if scores[1000][6] != {'clear_status': 4, 'ex_score': -1, 'miss_count': -1}:
                 raise Exception('Didn\'t get correct status back from beginner save!')
 

bemani/client/jubeat/clan.py

@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ class JubeatClanClient(BaseClient):
             'mtg_hold_cnt',
             'mtg_result',
         ]:
-            self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/info/{}".format(item))
+            self.assert_path(resp, f"response/gametop/data/player/info/{item}")
 
         for item in [
             'music_list',
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ class JubeatClanClient(BaseClient):
             'new/theme_list',
             'new/marker_list',
         ]:
-            self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/item/{}".format(item))
+            self.assert_path(resp, f"response/gametop/data/player/item/{item}")
 
         for item in [
             'play_time',
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class JubeatClanClient(BaseClient):
             'category',
             'expert_option',
         ]:
-            self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/last/{}".format(item))
+            self.assert_path(resp, f"response/gametop/data/player/last/{item}")
 
         for item in [
             'marker',
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ class JubeatClanClient(BaseClient):
             'hard',
             'hazard',
         ]:
-            self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/last/settings/{}".format(item))
+            self.assert_path(resp, f"response/gametop/data/player/last/settings/{item}")
 
         # Misc stuff
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/session_id")
@@ -580,15 +580,15 @@ class JubeatClanClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             self.verify_gametop_regist(card, ref_id)
         else:
             print("Skipping new card checks for existing card")
@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ class JubeatClanClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         if cardid is None:
             # Verify score handling
@@ -708,14 +708,10 @@ class JubeatClanClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_score = score['score']
 
                     if newscore['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], newscore['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{newscore["score"]}\'')
 
                     if newscore['medal'] != score['expected_medal']:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a medal of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got medal \'{}\''.format(
-                            score['expected_medal'], score['id'], score['chart'], newscore['medal'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a medal of \'{score["expected_medal"]}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got medal \'{newscore["medal"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/jubeat/prop.py

@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class JubeatPropClient(BaseClient):
             'mtg_hold_cnt',
             'mtg_result',
         ]:
-            self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/info/{}".format(item))
+            self.assert_path(resp, f"response/gametop/data/player/info/{item}")
 
         for item in [
             'music_list',
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class JubeatPropClient(BaseClient):
             'new/theme_list',
             'new/marker_list',
         ]:
-            self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/item/{}".format(item))
+            self.assert_path(resp, f"response/gametop/data/player/item/{item}")
 
         for item in [
             'play_time',
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class JubeatPropClient(BaseClient):
             'music_id',
             'seq_id',
         ]:
-            self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/last/{}".format(item))
+            self.assert_path(resp, f"response/gametop/data/player/last/{item}")
 
         for item in [
             'marker',
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class JubeatPropClient(BaseClient):
             'hazard',
             'hard',
         ]:
-            self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/last/settings/{}".format(item))
+            self.assert_path(resp, f"response/gametop/data/player/last/settings/{item}")
 
         # Misc stuff
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/session_id")
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ class JubeatPropClient(BaseClient):
                 break
 
         if playernode is None:
-            raise Exception("Didn't find any scores for ExtID {}".format(jid))
+            raise Exception(f"Didn't find any scores for ExtID {jid}")
 
         ret = []
         for result in playernode.child('result_list').children:
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ class JubeatPropClient(BaseClient):
                 break
 
         if playernode is None:
-            raise Exception("Didn't find any scores for ExtID {}".format(jid))
+            raise Exception(f"Didn't find any scores for ExtID {jid}")
 
         result = playernode.child_value('result/score')
         if result is not None:
@@ -539,15 +539,15 @@ class JubeatPropClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             self.verify_gametop_regist(card, ref_id)
         else:
             print("Skipping new card checks for existing card")
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ class JubeatPropClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         if cardid is None:
             # Verify score handling
@@ -677,14 +677,10 @@ class JubeatPropClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_score = score['score']
 
                     if newscore['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], newscore['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{newscore["score"]}\'')
 
                     if newscore['medal'] != score['expected_medal']:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a medal of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got medal \'{}\''.format(
-                            score['expected_medal'], score['id'], score['chart'], newscore['medal'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a medal of \'{score["expected_medal"]}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got medal \'{newscore["medal"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)
@@ -730,7 +726,7 @@ class JubeatPropClient(BaseClient):
                     foundcourses = [c for c in courses if c['course_id'] == course['course_id']]
 
                     if len(foundcourses) == 0:
-                        raise Exception("Didn't find course by ID {}".format(course['course_id']))
+                        raise Exception(f"Didn't find course by ID {course['course_id']}")
                     foundcourse = foundcourses[0]
 
                     if 'expected_rating' in course:
@@ -747,15 +743,11 @@ class JubeatPropClient(BaseClient):
                         raise Exception("Logic error!")
 
                     if foundcourse['rating'] != expected_rating:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a rating of \'{}\' for course \'{}\' but got rating \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_rating, course['course_id'], foundcourse['rating'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a rating of \'{expected_rating}\' for course \'{course["course_id"]}\' but got rating \'{foundcourse["rating"]}\'')
 
                     for i in range(len(expected_scores)):
                         if foundcourse['scores'][i] != expected_scores[i]:
-                            raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for course \'{}\' song number \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                                expected_scores[i], course['course_id'], i, foundcourse['scores'][i],
-                            ))
+                            raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_scores[i]}\' for course \'{course["course_id"]}\' song number \'{i}\' but got score \'{foundcourse["scores"][i]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)
@@ -766,11 +758,7 @@ class JubeatPropClient(BaseClient):
             league = self.verify_gametop_get_league(jid)
 
             if league[1][0] != 123456 or league[1][1] != 234567 or league[1][2] != 345678:
-                raise Exception('League score didn\t save! Got wrong values {}, {}, {} back!'.format(
-                    league[1][0],
-                    league[1][1],
-                    league[1][2],
-                ))
+                raise Exception(f'League score didn\t save! Got wrong values {league[1][0]}, {league[1][1]}, {league[1][2]} back!')
 
             # Play a league course, do worse, make sure it doesn't overwrite
             self.verify_gameend_regist(ref_id, jid, [], {}, (league[0], (12345, 23456, 34567)))
@@ -778,11 +766,7 @@ class JubeatPropClient(BaseClient):
             league = self.verify_gametop_get_league(jid)
 
             if league[1][0] != 123456 or league[1][1] != 234567 or league[1][2] != 345678:
-                raise Exception('League score got overwritten! Got wrong values {}, {}, {} back!'.format(
-                    league[1][0],
-                    league[1][1],
-                    league[1][2],
-                ))
+                raise Exception(f'League score got overwritten! Got wrong values {league[1][0]}, {league[1][1]}, {league[1][2]} back!')
 
         else:
             print("Skipping score checks for existing card")

bemani/client/jubeat/qubell.py

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class JubeatQubellClient(BaseClient):
             'mtg_hold_cnt',
             'mtg_result',
         ]:
-            self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/info/{}".format(item))
+            self.assert_path(resp, f"response/gametop/data/player/info/{item}")
 
         for item in [
             'music_list',
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class JubeatQubellClient(BaseClient):
             'new/theme_list',
             'new/marker_list',
         ]:
-            self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/item/{}".format(item))
+            self.assert_path(resp, f"response/gametop/data/player/item/{item}")
 
         for item in [
             'play_time',
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class JubeatQubellClient(BaseClient):
             'music_id',
             'seq_id',
         ]:
-            self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/last/{}".format(item))
+            self.assert_path(resp, f"response/gametop/data/player/last/{item}")
 
         for item in [
             'marker',
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ class JubeatQubellClient(BaseClient):
             'hazard',
             'hard',
         ]:
-            self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/last/settings/{}".format(item))
+            self.assert_path(resp, f"response/gametop/data/player/last/settings/{item}")
 
         # Misc stuff
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/session_id")
@@ -440,15 +440,15 @@ class JubeatQubellClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             self.verify_gametop_regist(card, ref_id)
         else:
             print("Skipping new card checks for existing card")
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ class JubeatQubellClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         if cardid is None:
             # Verify score handling
@@ -563,14 +563,10 @@ class JubeatQubellClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_score = score['score']
 
                     if newscore['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], newscore['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{newscore["score"]}\'')
 
                     if newscore['medal'] != score['expected_medal']:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a medal of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got medal \'{}\''.format(
-                            score['expected_medal'], score['id'], score['chart'], newscore['medal'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a medal of \'{score["expected_medal"]}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got medal \'{newscore["medal"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/jubeat/saucer.py

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class JubeatSaucerClient(BaseClient):
             'mtg_hold_cnt',
             'mtg_result',
         ]:
-            self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/info/{}".format(item))
+            self.assert_path(resp, f"response/gametop/data/player/info/{item}")
 
         for item in [
             'secret_list',
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class JubeatSaucerClient(BaseClient):
             'new/theme_list',
             'new/marker_list',
         ]:
-            self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/item/{}".format(item))
+            self.assert_path(resp, f"response/gametop/data/player/item/{item}")
 
         for item in [
             'music_id',
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class JubeatSaucerClient(BaseClient):
             'shopname',
             'areaname',
         ]:
-            self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/last/{}".format(item))
+            self.assert_path(resp, f"response/gametop/data/player/last/{item}")
 
         # Misc stuff
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/session_id")
@@ -339,15 +339,15 @@ class JubeatSaucerClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             self.verify_gametop_regist(card, ref_id)
         else:
             print("Skipping new card checks for existing card")
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ class JubeatSaucerClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         if cardid is None:
             # Verify score handling
@@ -460,14 +460,10 @@ class JubeatSaucerClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_score = score['score']
 
                     if newscore['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], newscore['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{newscore["score"]}\'')
 
                     if newscore['medal'] != score['expected_medal']:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a medal of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got medal \'{}\''.format(
-                            score['expected_medal'], score['id'], score['chart'], newscore['medal'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a medal of \'{score["expected_medal"]}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got medal \'{newscore["medal"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/jubeat/saucerfulfill.py

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class JubeatSaucerFulfillClient(BaseClient):
             'mtg_hold_cnt',
             'mtg_result',
         ]:
-            self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/info/{}".format(item))
+            self.assert_path(resp, f"response/gametop/data/player/info/{item}")
 
         for item in [
             'secret_list',
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class JubeatSaucerFulfillClient(BaseClient):
             'new/theme_list',
             'new/marker_list',
         ]:
-            self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/item/{}".format(item))
+            self.assert_path(resp, f"response/gametop/data/player/item/{item}")
 
         for item in [
             'music_id',
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class JubeatSaucerFulfillClient(BaseClient):
             'shopname',
             'areaname',
         ]:
-            self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/last/{}".format(item))
+            self.assert_path(resp, f"response/gametop/data/player/last/{item}")
 
         # Misc stuff
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/gametop/data/player/session_id")
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ class JubeatSaucerFulfillClient(BaseClient):
                 break
 
         if playernode is None:
-            raise Exception("Didn't find any scores for ExtID {}".format(jid))
+            raise Exception(f"Didn't find any scores for ExtID {jid}")
 
         ret = []
         for result in playernode.child('result_list').children:
@@ -413,15 +413,15 @@ class JubeatSaucerFulfillClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             self.verify_gametop_regist(card, ref_id)
         else:
             print("Skipping new card checks for existing card")
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ class JubeatSaucerFulfillClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         if cardid is None:
             # Verify score handling
@@ -543,14 +543,10 @@ class JubeatSaucerFulfillClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_score = score['score']
 
                     if newscore['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], newscore['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{newscore["score"]}\'')
 
                     if newscore['medal'] != score['expected_medal']:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a medal of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got medal \'{}\''.format(
-                            score['expected_medal'], score['id'], score['chart'], newscore['medal'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a medal of \'{score["expected_medal"]}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got medal \'{newscore["medal"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)
@@ -596,7 +592,7 @@ class JubeatSaucerFulfillClient(BaseClient):
                     foundcourses = [c for c in courses if c['course_id'] == course['course_id']]
 
                     if len(foundcourses) == 0:
-                        raise Exception("Didn't find course by ID {}".format(course['course_id']))
+                        raise Exception(f"Didn't find course by ID {course['course_id']}")
                     foundcourse = foundcourses[0]
 
                     if 'expected_rating' in course:
@@ -613,15 +609,11 @@ class JubeatSaucerFulfillClient(BaseClient):
                         raise Exception("Logic error!")
 
                     if foundcourse['rating'] != expected_rating:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a rating of \'{}\' for course \'{}\' but got rating \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_rating, course['course_id'], foundcourse['rating'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a rating of \'{expected_rating}\' for course \'{course["course_id"]}\' but got rating \'{foundcourse["rating"]}\'')
 
                     for i in range(len(expected_scores)):
                         if foundcourse['scores'][i] != expected_scores[i]:
-                            raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for course \'{}\' song number \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                                expected_scores[i], course['course_id'], i, foundcourse['scores'][i],
-                            ))
+                            raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_scores[i]}\' for course \'{course["course_id"]}\' song number \'{i}\' but got score \'{foundcourse["scores"][i]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/museca/museca1.py

@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ class Museca1Client(BaseClient):
                 'items': items,
             }
         else:
-            raise Exception("Invalid game load type {}".format(msg_type))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid game load type {msg_type}")
 
     def verify_game_play_e(self, location: str, refid: str) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -412,15 +412,15 @@ class Museca1Client(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             # Museca doesn't read the new profile, it asks for the profile itself after calling new
             self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='new')
             self.verify_game_new(location, ref_id)
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ class Museca1Client(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify account freezing
         self.verify_game_frozen(ref_id, 900)
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ class Museca1Client(BaseClient):
             # Verify profile loading and saving
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 0:
                 raise Exception('Profile has nonzero blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 0:
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ class Museca1Client(BaseClient):
             self.verify_game_save(location, ref_id, packet=123, block=234, blaster_energy=42)
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 123:
                 raise Exception('Profile has invalid blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 234:
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ class Museca1Client(BaseClient):
                             break
 
                     if actual is None:
-                        raise Exception("Didn't find song {} chart {} in response!".format(expected['id'], expected['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f"Didn't find song {expected['id']} chart {expected['chart']} in response!")
 
                     if 'expected_score' in expected:
                         expected_score = expected['expected_score']
@@ -555,17 +555,11 @@ class Museca1Client(BaseClient):
                         expected_clear_type = expected['clear_type']
 
                     if actual['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got score \'{actual["score"]}\'')
                     if actual['grade'] != expected_grade:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a grade of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got grade \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_grade, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['grade'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a grade of \'{expected_grade}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got grade \'{actual["grade"]}\'')
                     if actual['clear_type'] != expected_clear_type:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a clear_type of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got clear_type \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_clear_type, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['clear_type'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a clear_type of \'{expected_clear_type}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got clear_type \'{actual["clear_type"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/museca/museca1plus.py

@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ class Museca1PlusClient(BaseClient):
                 'items': items,
             }
         else:
-            raise Exception("Invalid game load type {}".format(msg_type))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid game load type {msg_type}")
 
     def verify_game_play_e(self, location: str, refid: str) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -427,15 +427,15 @@ class Museca1PlusClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             # Museca doesn't read the new profile, it asks for the profile itself after calling new
             self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='new')
             self.verify_game_new(location, ref_id)
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ class Museca1PlusClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify account freezing
         self.verify_game_frozen(ref_id, 900)
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ class Museca1PlusClient(BaseClient):
             # Verify profile loading and saving
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 0:
                 raise Exception('Profile has nonzero blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 0:
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ class Museca1PlusClient(BaseClient):
             self.verify_game_save(location, ref_id, packet=123, block=234, blaster_energy=42)
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 123:
                 raise Exception('Profile has invalid blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 234:
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ class Museca1PlusClient(BaseClient):
                             break
 
                     if actual is None:
-                        raise Exception("Didn't find song {} chart {} in response!".format(expected['id'], expected['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f"Didn't find song {expected['id']} chart {expected['chart']} in response!")
 
                     if 'expected_score' in expected:
                         expected_score = expected['expected_score']
@@ -573,17 +573,11 @@ class Museca1PlusClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_clear_type = expected['clear_type']
 
                     if actual['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got score \'{actual["score"]}\'')
                     if actual['grade'] != expected_grade:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a grade of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got grade \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_grade, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['grade'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a grade of \'{expected_grade}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got grade \'{actual["grade"]}\'')
                     if actual['clear_type'] != expected_clear_type:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a clear_type of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got clear_type \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_clear_type, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['clear_type'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a clear_type of \'{expected_clear_type}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got clear_type \'{actual["clear_type"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/popn/eclale.py

@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ class PopnMusicEclaleClient(BaseClient):
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/pcb23/@status")
 
     def __verify_common(self, root: str, resp: Node) -> None:
-        self.assert_path(resp, "response/{}/phase/event_id".format(root))
-        self.assert_path(resp, "response/{}/phase/phase".format(root))
-        self.assert_path(resp, "response/{}/area/area_id".format(root))
-        self.assert_path(resp, "response/{}/area/end_date".format(root))
-        self.assert_path(resp, "response/{}/area/medal_id".format(root))
-        self.assert_path(resp, "response/{}/area/is_limit".format(root))
+        self.assert_path(resp, f"response/{root}/phase/event_id")
+        self.assert_path(resp, f"response/{root}/phase/phase")
+        self.assert_path(resp, f"response/{root}/area/area_id")
+        self.assert_path(resp, f"response/{root}/area/end_date")
+        self.assert_path(resp, f"response/{root}/area/medal_id")
+        self.assert_path(resp, f"response/{root}/area/is_limit")
 
     def verify_info23_common(self, loc: str) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class PopnMusicEclaleClient(BaseClient):
             self.assert_path(resp, "response/player23/result")
             status = resp.child_value('player23/result')
             if status != 2:
-                raise Exception('Reference ID \'{}\' returned invalid status \'{}\''.format(ref_id, status))
+                raise Exception(f'Reference ID \'{ref_id}\' returned invalid status \'{status}\'')
 
             return {
                 'medals': {},
@@ -150,10 +150,10 @@ class PopnMusicEclaleClient(BaseClient):
             self.assert_path(resp, "response/player23/result")
             status = resp.child_value('player23/result')
             if status != 0:
-                raise Exception('Reference ID \'{}\' returned invalid status \'{}\''.format(ref_id, status))
+                raise Exception(f'Reference ID \'{ref_id}\' returned invalid status \'{status}\'')
             name = resp.child_value('player23/account/name')
             if name != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Invalid name \'{}\' returned for Ref ID \'{}\''.format(name, ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid name \'{name}\' returned for Ref ID \'{ref_id}\'')
 
             # Medals and items
             items: Dict[int, Dict[str, int]] = {}
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ class PopnMusicEclaleClient(BaseClient):
                 'lumina': {0: {'lumina': resp.child_value('player23/account/lumina')}},
             }
         else:
-            raise Exception('Unrecognized message type \'{}\''.format(msg_type))
+            raise Exception(f'Unrecognized message type \'{msg_type}\'')
 
     def verify_player23_read_score(self, ref_id: str) -> Dict[str, Dict[int, Dict[int, int]]]:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -405,15 +405,15 @@ class PopnMusicEclaleClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             self.verify_player23_read(ref_id, msg_type='new')
             self.verify_player23_new(ref_id)
         else:
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ class PopnMusicEclaleClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify proper handling of basic stuff
         self.verify_player23_read(ref_id, msg_type='query')
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ class PopnMusicEclaleClient(BaseClient):
         if unlocks['items'][6]['param'] != 8:
             raise Exception('Expecting to see item ID 6 to have param 8 in items!')
         if unlocks['lumina'][0]['lumina'] != 150:
-            raise Exception('Got wrong value for lumina {} after purchase!'.format(unlocks['lumina'][0]['lumina']))
+            raise Exception(f'Got wrong value for lumina {unlocks["lumina"][0]["lumina"]} after purchase!')
 
         if cardid is None:
             # Verify score handling
@@ -568,13 +568,9 @@ class PopnMusicEclaleClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_medal = expected['medal']
 
                     if newscore != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, expected['id'], expected['chart'], newscore,
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got score \'{newscore}\'')
                     if newmedal != expected_medal:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a medal of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got medal \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_medal, expected['id'], expected['chart'], newmedal,
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a medal of \'{expected_medal}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got medal \'{newmedal}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/popn/fantasia.py

@@ -93,9 +93,9 @@ class PopnMusicFantasiaClient(BaseClient):
             node = resp.child('game').child(name)
 
             if node is None:
-                raise Exception('Missing node \'{}\' in response!'.format(name))
+                raise Exception(f'Missing node \'{name}\' in response!')
             if node.data_type != 's32':
-                raise Exception('Node \'{}\' has wrong data type!'.format(name))
+                raise Exception(f'Node \'{name}\' has wrong data type!')
 
         sel_ranking = resp.child('game').child('sel_ranking')
         up_ranking = resp.child('game').child('up_ranking')
@@ -111,13 +111,13 @@ class PopnMusicFantasiaClient(BaseClient):
             dtype = nodepair[2]
 
             if node is None:
-                raise Exception('Missing node \'{}\' in response!'.format(name))
+                raise Exception(f'Missing node \'{name}\' in response!')
             if node.data_type != dtype:
-                raise Exception('Node \'{}\' has wrong data type!'.format(name))
+                raise Exception(f'Node \'{name}\' has wrong data type!')
             if not node.is_array:
-                raise Exception('Node \'{}\' is not array!'.format(name))
+                raise Exception(f'Node \'{name}\' is not array!')
             if len(node.value) != 10:
-                raise Exception('Node \'{}\' is wrong array length!'.format(name))
+                raise Exception(f'Node \'{name}\' is wrong array length!')
 
     def verify_playerdata_get(self, ref_id: str, msg_type: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class PopnMusicFantasiaClient(BaseClient):
 
             status = int(resp.child('playerdata').attribute('status'))
             if status != 109:
-                raise Exception('Reference ID \'{}\' returned invalid status \'{}\''.format(ref_id, status))
+                raise Exception(f'Reference ID \'{ref_id}\' returned invalid status \'{status}\'')
 
             # No score data
             return None
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ class PopnMusicFantasiaClient(BaseClient):
 
             name = resp.child('playerdata').child('base').child('name').value
             if name != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Invalid name \'{}\' returned for Ref ID \'{}\''.format(name, ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid name \'{name}\' returned for Ref ID \'{ref_id}\'')
 
             # Extract and return score data
             self.assert_path(resp, "response/playerdata/base/clear_medal")
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ class PopnMusicFantasiaClient(BaseClient):
             return {'medals': medals, 'scores': scores}
 
         else:
-            raise Exception('Unrecognized message type \'{}\''.format(msg_type))
+            raise Exception(f'Unrecognized message type \'{msg_type}\'')
 
     def verify_playerdata_set(self, ref_id: str, scores: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ class PopnMusicFantasiaClient(BaseClient):
 
         name = resp.child('playerdata').child('name').value
         if name != self.NAME:
-            raise Exception('Invalid name \'{}\' returned for Ref ID \'{}\''.format(name, ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid name \'{name}\' returned for Ref ID \'{ref_id}\'')
 
     def verify_playerdata_new(self, ref_id: str) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -304,15 +304,15 @@ class PopnMusicFantasiaClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             self.verify_playerdata_get(ref_id, msg_type='new')
             self.verify_playerdata_new(ref_id)
         else:
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ class PopnMusicFantasiaClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         if cardid is None:
             # Verify score handling
@@ -418,13 +418,9 @@ class PopnMusicFantasiaClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_medal = score['medal']
 
                     if newscore != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], newscore,
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{newscore}\'')
                     if newmedal != expected_medal:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a medal of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got medal \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_medal, score['id'], score['chart'], newmedal,
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a medal of \'{expected_medal}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got medal \'{newmedal}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/popn/lapistoria.py

@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@ class PopnMusicLapistoriaClient(BaseClient):
             node = resp.child('info22').child(name)
 
             if node is None:
-                raise Exception('Missing node \'{}\' in response!'.format(name))
+                raise Exception(f'Missing node \'{name}\' in response!')
             if node.data_type != 'void':
-                raise Exception('Node \'{}\' has wrong data type!'.format(name))
+                raise Exception(f'Node \'{name}\' has wrong data type!')
 
     def verify_player22_read(self, ref_id: str, msg_type: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class PopnMusicLapistoriaClient(BaseClient):
 
             status = int(resp.child('player22').attribute('status'))
             if status != 109:
-                raise Exception('Reference ID \'{}\' returned invalid status \'{}\''.format(ref_id, status))
+                raise Exception(f'Reference ID \'{ref_id}\' returned invalid status \'{status}\'')
 
             # No score data
             return None
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class PopnMusicLapistoriaClient(BaseClient):
 
             name = resp.child('player22').child('account').child('name').value
             if name != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Invalid name \'{}\' returned for Ref ID \'{}\''.format(name, ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid name \'{name}\' returned for Ref ID \'{ref_id}\'')
 
             # Extract and return score data
             medals: Dict[int, List[int]] = {}
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class PopnMusicLapistoriaClient(BaseClient):
             return {'medals': medals, 'scores': scores}
 
         else:
-            raise Exception('Unrecognized message type \'{}\''.format(msg_type))
+            raise Exception(f'Unrecognized message type \'{msg_type}\'')
 
     def verify_player22_write(self, ref_id: str, scores: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -216,15 +216,15 @@ class PopnMusicLapistoriaClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             self.verify_player22_read(ref_id, msg_type='new')
             self.verify_player22_new(ref_id)
         else:
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ class PopnMusicLapistoriaClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         if cardid is None:
             # Verify score handling
@@ -332,13 +332,9 @@ class PopnMusicLapistoriaClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_medal = score['medal']
 
                     if newscore != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], newscore,
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{newscore}\'')
                     if newmedal != expected_medal:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a medal of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got medal \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_medal, score['id'], score['chart'], newmedal,
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a medal of \'{expected_medal}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got medal \'{newmedal}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/popn/sunnypark.py

@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ class PopnMusicSunnyParkClient(BaseClient):
             node = resp.child('game').child(name)
 
             if node is None:
-                raise Exception('Missing node \'{}\' in response!'.format(name))
+                raise Exception(f'Missing node \'{name}\' in response!')
             if node.data_type != 's32':
-                raise Exception('Node \'{}\' has wrong data type!'.format(name))
+                raise Exception(f'Node \'{name}\' has wrong data type!')
 
         sel_ranking = resp.child('game').child('sel_ranking')
         up_ranking = resp.child('game').child('up_ranking')
@@ -72,13 +72,13 @@ class PopnMusicSunnyParkClient(BaseClient):
             node = nodepair[1]
 
             if node is None:
-                raise Exception('Missing node \'{}\' in response!'.format(name))
+                raise Exception(f'Missing node \'{name}\' in response!')
             if node.data_type != 's16':
-                raise Exception('Node \'{}\' has wrong data type!'.format(name))
+                raise Exception(f'Node \'{name}\' has wrong data type!')
             if not node.is_array:
-                raise Exception('Node \'{}\' is not array!'.format(name))
+                raise Exception(f'Node \'{name}\' is not array!')
             if len(node.value) != 5:
-                raise Exception('Node \'{}\' is wrong array length!'.format(name))
+                raise Exception(f'Node \'{name}\' is wrong array length!')
 
     def verify_playerdata_get(self, ref_id: str, msg_type: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class PopnMusicSunnyParkClient(BaseClient):
 
             status = int(resp.child('playerdata').attribute('status'))
             if status != 109:
-                raise Exception('Reference ID \'{}\' returned invalid status \'{}\''.format(ref_id, status))
+                raise Exception(f'Reference ID \'{ref_id}\' returned invalid status \'{status}\'')
 
             # No score data
             return None
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class PopnMusicSunnyParkClient(BaseClient):
 
             name = resp.child('playerdata').child('base').child('name').value
             if name != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Invalid name \'{}\' returned for Ref ID \'{}\''.format(name, ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid name \'{name}\' returned for Ref ID \'{ref_id}\'')
 
             # Extract and return score data
             self.assert_path(resp, "response/playerdata/base/clear_medal")
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class PopnMusicSunnyParkClient(BaseClient):
             return {'medals': medals, 'scores': scores}
 
         else:
-            raise Exception('Unrecognized message type \'{}\''.format(msg_type))
+            raise Exception(f'Unrecognized message type \'{msg_type}\'')
 
     def verify_playerdata_set(self, ref_id: str, scores: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ class PopnMusicSunnyParkClient(BaseClient):
 
         name = resp.child('playerdata').child('name').value
         if name != self.NAME:
-            raise Exception('Invalid name \'{}\' returned for Ref ID \'{}\''.format(name, ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid name \'{name}\' returned for Ref ID \'{ref_id}\'')
 
     def verify_playerdata_new(self, ref_id: str) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -253,15 +253,15 @@ class PopnMusicSunnyParkClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             self.verify_playerdata_get(ref_id, msg_type='new')
             self.verify_playerdata_new(ref_id)
         else:
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ class PopnMusicSunnyParkClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         if cardid is None:
             # Verify score handling
@@ -367,13 +367,9 @@ class PopnMusicSunnyParkClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_medal = score['medal']
 
                     if newscore != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], newscore,
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{newscore}\'')
                     if newmedal != expected_medal:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a medal of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got medal \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_medal, score['id'], score['chart'], newmedal,
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a medal of \'{expected_medal}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got medal \'{newmedal}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/popn/tunestreet.py

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class PopnMusicTuneStreetClient(BaseClient):
             'psp_phase',
         ]:
             if name not in resp.child('game').attributes:
-                raise Exception('Missing attribute \'{}\' in response!'.format(name))
+                raise Exception(f'Missing attribute \'{name}\' in response!')
 
     def verify_playerdata_get(self, ref_id: str, msg_type: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class PopnMusicTuneStreetClient(BaseClient):
 
             status = int(resp.child('playerdata').attribute('status'))
             if status != 109:
-                raise Exception('Reference ID \'{}\' returned invalid status \'{}\''.format(ref_id, status))
+                raise Exception(f'Reference ID \'{ref_id}\' returned invalid status \'{status}\'')
 
             # No score data
             return None
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class PopnMusicTuneStreetClient(BaseClient):
 
             name = resp.child('playerdata').child('b').value[0:12].decode('SHIFT_JIS').replace("\x00", "")
             if name != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Invalid name \'{}\' returned for Ref ID \'{}\''.format(name, ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid name \'{name}\' returned for Ref ID \'{ref_id}\'')
 
             medals = resp.child('playerdata').child('b').value[108:]
             medals = [(medals[x] + (medals[x + 1] << 8)) for x in range(0, len(medals), 2)]
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class PopnMusicTuneStreetClient(BaseClient):
             return {'medals': medals, 'scores': scores}
 
         else:
-            raise Exception('Unrecognized message type \'{}\''.format(msg_type))
+            raise Exception(f'Unrecognized message type \'{msg_type}\'')
 
     def verify_playerdata_set(self, ref_id: str, scores: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -241,15 +241,15 @@ class PopnMusicTuneStreetClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             self.verify_playerdata_get(ref_id, msg_type='new')
             self.verify_playerdata_new(card, ref_id)
         else:
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ class PopnMusicTuneStreetClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         if cardid is None:
             # Verify score handling
@@ -355,13 +355,9 @@ class PopnMusicTuneStreetClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_medal = score['medal']
 
                     if newscore != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, score['id'], score['chart'], newscore,
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got score \'{newscore}\'')
                     if newmedal != expected_medal:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a medal of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got medal \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_medal, score['id'], score['chart'], newmedal,
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a medal of \'{expected_medal}\' for song \'{score["id"]}\' chart \'{score["chart"]}\' but got medal \'{newmedal}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/popn/usaneko.py

@@ -39,18 +39,18 @@ class PopnMusicUsaNekoClient(BaseClient):
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/pcb24/@status")
 
     def __verify_common(self, root: str, resp: Node) -> None:
-        self.assert_path(resp, "response/{}/phase/event_id".format(root))
-        self.assert_path(resp, "response/{}/phase/phase".format(root))
-        self.assert_path(resp, "response/{}/area/area_id".format(root))
-        self.assert_path(resp, "response/{}/area/end_date".format(root))
-        self.assert_path(resp, "response/{}/area/medal_id".format(root))
-        self.assert_path(resp, "response/{}/area/is_limit".format(root))
-        self.assert_path(resp, "response/{}/choco/choco_id".format(root))
-        self.assert_path(resp, "response/{}/choco/param".format(root))
-        self.assert_path(resp, "response/{}/goods/item_id".format(root))
-        self.assert_path(resp, "response/{}/goods/item_type".format(root))
-        self.assert_path(resp, "response/{}/goods/price".format(root))
-        self.assert_path(resp, "response/{}/goods/goods_type".format(root))
+        self.assert_path(resp, f"response/{root}/phase/event_id")
+        self.assert_path(resp, f"response/{root}/phase/phase")
+        self.assert_path(resp, f"response/{root}/area/area_id")
+        self.assert_path(resp, f"response/{root}/area/end_date")
+        self.assert_path(resp, f"response/{root}/area/medal_id")
+        self.assert_path(resp, f"response/{root}/area/is_limit")
+        self.assert_path(resp, f"response/{root}/choco/choco_id")
+        self.assert_path(resp, f"response/{root}/choco/param")
+        self.assert_path(resp, f"response/{root}/goods/item_id")
+        self.assert_path(resp, f"response/{root}/goods/item_type")
+        self.assert_path(resp, f"response/{root}/goods/price")
+        self.assert_path(resp, f"response/{root}/goods/goods_type")
 
     def verify_info24_common(self, loc: str) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ class PopnMusicUsaNekoClient(BaseClient):
             self.assert_path(resp, "response/player24/result")
             status = resp.child_value('player24/result')
             if status != 2:
-                raise Exception('Reference ID \'{}\' returned invalid status \'{}\''.format(ref_id, status))
+                raise Exception(f'Reference ID \'{ref_id}\' returned invalid status \'{status}\'')
 
             return {
                 'items': {},
@@ -166,10 +166,10 @@ class PopnMusicUsaNekoClient(BaseClient):
             self.assert_path(resp, "response/player24/result")
             status = resp.child_value('player24/result')
             if status != 0:
-                raise Exception('Reference ID \'{}\' returned invalid status \'{}\''.format(ref_id, status))
+                raise Exception(f'Reference ID \'{ref_id}\' returned invalid status \'{status}\'')
             name = resp.child_value('player24/account/name')
             if name != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Invalid name \'{}\' returned for Ref ID \'{}\''.format(name, ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid name \'{name}\' returned for Ref ID \'{ref_id}\'')
 
             # Medals and items
             items: Dict[int, Dict[str, int]] = {}
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ class PopnMusicUsaNekoClient(BaseClient):
                 'points': {0: {'points': resp.child_value('player24/account/player_point')}},
             }
         else:
-            raise Exception('Unrecognized message type \'{}\''.format(msg_type))
+            raise Exception(f'Unrecognized message type \'{msg_type}\'')
 
     def verify_player24_read_score(self, ref_id: str) -> Dict[str, Dict[int, Dict[int, int]]]:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -452,15 +452,15 @@ class PopnMusicUsaNekoClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             self.verify_player24_read(ref_id, msg_type='new')
             self.verify_player24_new(ref_id)
         else:
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ class PopnMusicUsaNekoClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify proper handling of basic stuff
         self.verify_player24_read(ref_id, msg_type='query')
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ class PopnMusicUsaNekoClient(BaseClient):
             if unlocks['items'][6]['param'] != 8:
                 raise Exception('Expecting to see item ID 6 to have param 8 in items!')
             if unlocks['points'][0]['points'] != 150:
-                raise Exception('Got wrong value for points {} after purchase!'.format(unlocks['points'][0]['points']))
+                raise Exception(f'Got wrong value for points {unlocks["points"][0]["points"]} after purchase!')
 
             # Verify course handling
             self.verify_player24_update_ranking(ref_id, location)
@@ -643,17 +643,11 @@ class PopnMusicUsaNekoClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_rank = 8
 
                     if newscore != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, expected['id'], expected['chart'], newscore,
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got score \'{newscore}\'')
                     if newmedal != expected_medal:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a medal of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got medal \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_medal, expected['id'], expected['chart'], newmedal,
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a medal of \'{expected_medal}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got medal \'{newmedal}\'')
                     if newrank != expected_rank:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a rank of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got rank \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_rank, expected['id'], expected['chart'], newrank,
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a rank of \'{expected_rank}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got rank \'{newrank}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/protocol.py

@@ -25,14 +25,11 @@ class ClientProtocol:
         elif packet_encoding == "binary":
             _packet_encoding = EAmuseProtocol.BINARY
         else:
-            raise Exception("Unknown packet encoding {}".format(packet_encoding))
+            raise Exception(f"Unknown packet encoding {packet_encoding}")
 
         # Handle encryption
         if self.__encryption:
-            encryption = '1-{}-{}'.format(
-                random_hex_string(8),
-                random_hex_string(4),
-            )
+            encryption = f'1-{random_hex_string(8)}-{random_hex_string(4)}'
             headers['X-Eamuse-Info'] = encryption
         else:
             encryption = None
@@ -56,11 +53,7 @@ class ClientProtocol:
 
         # Send the request, get the response
         r = requests.post(
-            'http://{}:{}/{}'.format(
-                self.__address,
-                self.__port,
-                uri,
-            ),
+            f'http://{self.__address}:{self.__port}/{uri}',
             headers=headers,
             data=req,
         )

bemani/client/reflec/colette.py

@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ class ReflecBeatColette(BaseClient):
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/player/pdata/record")
 
         if resp.child_value('player/pdata/base/name') != self.NAME:
-            raise Exception('Invalid name {} returned on profile read!'.format(resp.child_value('player/pdata/base/name')))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid name {resp.child_value("player/pdata/base/name")} returned on profile read!')
 
         scores = []
         for child in resp.child('player/pdata/record').children:
@@ -409,9 +409,9 @@ class ReflecBeatColette(BaseClient):
                 name = child.child_value('name')
                 comment = child.child_value('comment')
                 if name != self.NAME:
-                    raise Exception('Invalid name \'{}\' returned for comment!'.format(name))
+                    raise Exception(f'Invalid name \'{name}\' returned for comment!')
                 if comment != 'アメ〜〜！':
-                    raise Exception('Invalid comment \'{}\' returned for comment!'.format(comment))
+                    raise Exception(f'Invalid comment \'{comment}\' returned for comment!')
                 found = True
 
         if not found:
@@ -488,15 +488,15 @@ class ReflecBeatColette(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             # Always get a player start, regardless of new profile or not
             self.verify_player_start(ref_id)
             self.verify_player_delete(ref_id)
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ class ReflecBeatColette(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify lobby functionality
         self.verify_lobby_read(location, extid)
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ class ReflecBeatColette(BaseClient):
                             break
 
                     if actual is None:
-                        raise Exception("Didn't find song {} chart {} in response!".format(expected['id'], expected['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f"Didn't find song {expected['id']} chart {expected['chart']} in response!")
 
                     if 'expected_score' in expected:
                         expected_score = expected['expected_score']
@@ -645,25 +645,15 @@ class ReflecBeatColette(BaseClient):
                         expected_miss_count = expected['miss_count']
 
                     if actual['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got score \'{actual["score"]}\'')
                     if actual['achievement_rate'] != expected_achievement_rate:
-                        raise Exception('Expected an achievement rate of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got achievement rate \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_achievement_rate, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['achievement_rate'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected an achievement rate of \'{expected_achievement_rate}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got achievement rate \'{actual["achievement_rate"]}\'')
                     if actual['clear_type'] != expected_clear_type:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a clear_type of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got clear_type \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_clear_type, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['clear_type'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a clear_type of \'{expected_clear_type}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got clear_type \'{actual["clear_type"]}\'')
                     if actual['combo'] != expected_combo:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a combo of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got combo \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_combo, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['combo'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a combo of \'{expected_combo}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got combo \'{actual["combo"]}\'')
                     if actual['miss_count'] != expected_miss_count:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a miss count of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got miss count \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_miss_count, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['miss_count'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a miss count of \'{expected_miss_count}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got miss count \'{actual["miss_count"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/reflec/groovin.py

@@ -193,11 +193,11 @@ class ReflecBeatGroovinUpper(BaseClient):
 
             if resp.child_value('player/player_select_score/name') != self.NAME:
                 raise Exception(
-                    'Invalid name {} returned on score read!'.format(resp.child_value('player/player_select_score/name'))
+                    f'Invalid name {resp.child_value("player/player_select_score/name")} returned on score read!'
                 )
             if resp.child_value('player/player_select_score/user_id') != extid:
                 raise Exception(
-                    'Invalid name {} returned on score read!'.format(resp.child_value('player/player_select_score/user_id'))
+                    f'Invalid name {resp.child_value("player/player_select_score/user_id")} returned on score read!'
                 )
 
     def verify_player_rb4succeed(self, refid: str) -> None:
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ class ReflecBeatGroovinUpper(BaseClient):
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/player/pdata/pue")
 
         if resp.child_value('player/pdata/base/name') != self.NAME:
-            raise Exception('Invalid name {} returned on profile read!'.format(resp.child_value('player/pdata/base/name')))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid name {resp.child_value("player/pdata/base/name")} returned on profile read!')
 
     def verify_player_rb4readscore(self, refid: str, location: str) -> List[Dict[str, int]]:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ class ReflecBeatGroovinUpper(BaseClient):
                 continue
 
             if child.child_value('user_id') != extid:
-                raise Exception('Invalid user ID returned {}'.format(child.child_value('user_id')))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid user ID returned {child.child_value("user_id")}')
 
             episode = {
                 'id': child.child_value('type'),
@@ -586,9 +586,9 @@ class ReflecBeatGroovinUpper(BaseClient):
                 name = child.child_value('name')
                 comment = child.child_value('comment')
                 if name != self.NAME:
-                    raise Exception('Invalid name \'{}\' returned for comment!'.format(name))
+                    raise Exception(f'Invalid name \'{name}\' returned for comment!')
                 if comment != 'アメ〜〜！':
-                    raise Exception('Invalid comment \'{}\' returned for comment!'.format(comment))
+                    raise Exception(f'Invalid comment \'{comment}\' returned for comment!')
                 found = True
 
         if not found:
@@ -668,15 +668,15 @@ class ReflecBeatGroovinUpper(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
             # Always get a player start, regardless of new profile or not
             self.verify_player_rb4start(ref_id)
@@ -694,7 +694,7 @@ class ReflecBeatGroovinUpper(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify lobby functionality
         self.verify_lobby_rb4read(location, extid)
@@ -741,11 +741,7 @@ class ReflecBeatGroovinUpper(BaseClient):
         for i in range(len(dummyepisodes)):
             for key in dummyepisodes[i]:
                 if dummyepisodes[i][key] != episodes[i][key]:
-                    raise Exception('Invalid value {} returned for episode {} key {}'.format(
-                        episodes[i][key],
-                        dummyepisodes[i]['id'],
-                        key,
-                    ))
+                    raise Exception(f'Invalid value {episodes[i][key]} returned for episode {dummyepisodes[i]["id"]} key {key}')
 
         # Verify we start with empty scores
         scores = self.verify_player_rb4readscore(ref_id, location)
@@ -838,7 +834,7 @@ class ReflecBeatGroovinUpper(BaseClient):
                             break
 
                     if actual is None:
-                        raise Exception("Didn't find song {} chart {} in response!".format(expected['id'], expected['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f"Didn't find song {expected['id']} chart {expected['chart']} in response!")
 
                     if 'expected_score' in expected:
                         expected_score = expected['expected_score']
@@ -862,25 +858,15 @@ class ReflecBeatGroovinUpper(BaseClient):
                         expected_miss_count = expected['miss_count']
 
                     if actual['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got score \'{actual["score"]}\'')
                     if actual['achievement_rate'] != expected_achievement_rate:
-                        raise Exception('Expected an achievement rate of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got achievement rate \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_achievement_rate, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['achievement_rate'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected an achievement rate of \'{expected_achievement_rate}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got achievement rate \'{actual["achievement_rate"]}\'')
                     if actual['clear_type'] != expected_clear_type:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a clear_type of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got clear_type \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_clear_type, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['clear_type'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a clear_type of \'{expected_clear_type}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got clear_type \'{actual["clear_type"]}\'')
                     if actual['combo_type'] != expected_combo_type:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a combo_type of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got combo_type \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_combo_type, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['combo_type'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a combo_type of \'{expected_combo_type}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got combo_type \'{actual["combo_type"]}\'')
                     if actual['miss_count'] != expected_miss_count:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a miss count of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got miss count \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_miss_count, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['miss_count'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a miss count of \'{expected_miss_count}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got miss count \'{actual["miss_count"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/reflec/limelight.py

@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ class ReflecBeatLimelight(BaseClient):
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/player/pdata/narrow_down/adv_param")
 
         if resp.child_value('player/pdata/base/name') != self.NAME:
-            raise Exception('Invalid name {} returned on profile read!'.format(resp.child_value('player/pdata/base/name')))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid name {resp.child_value("player/pdata/base/name")} returned on profile read!')
 
         scores = []
         for child in resp.child('player/pdata/record').children:
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ class ReflecBeatLimelight(BaseClient):
 
         # First, filter down to only records that are also in the battle log
         def key(thing: Dict[str, int]) -> str:
-            return '{}-{}'.format(thing['id'], thing['chart'])
+            return f'{thing["id"]}-{thing["chart"]}'
 
         updates = [key(score) for score in scores]
         sortedrecords = {key(record): record for record in records if key(record) in updates}
@@ -661,9 +661,9 @@ class ReflecBeatLimelight(BaseClient):
                 name = child.child_value('p_name')
                 comment = child.child_value('comment')
                 if name != self.NAME:
-                    raise Exception('Invalid name \'{}\' returned for comment!'.format(name))
+                    raise Exception(f'Invalid name \'{name}\' returned for comment!')
                 if comment != 'アメ〜〜！':
-                    raise Exception('Invalid comment \'{}\' returned for comment!'.format(comment))
+                    raise Exception(f'Invalid comment \'{comment}\' returned for comment!')
                 found = True
 
         if not found:
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ class ReflecBeatLimelight(BaseClient):
             if child.child_value('uid') == extid:
                 name = child.child_value('p_name')
                 if name != self.NAME:
-                    raise Exception('Invalid name \'{}\' returned for status!'.format(name))
+                    raise Exception(f'Invalid name \'{name}\' returned for status!')
                 found = True
 
         if not found:
@@ -720,15 +720,15 @@ class ReflecBeatLimelight(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             # Always get a player start, regardless of new profile or not
             self.verify_player_start(ref_id)
             self.verify_player_delete(ref_id)
@@ -747,7 +747,7 @@ class ReflecBeatLimelight(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify lobby functionality
         self.verify_lobby_read(location, extid)
@@ -848,7 +848,7 @@ class ReflecBeatLimelight(BaseClient):
                             break
 
                     if actual is None:
-                        raise Exception("Didn't find song {} chart {} in response!".format(expected['id'], expected['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f"Didn't find song {expected['id']} chart {expected['chart']} in response!")
 
                     if 'expected_score' in expected:
                         expected_score = expected['expected_score']
@@ -872,25 +872,15 @@ class ReflecBeatLimelight(BaseClient):
                         expected_miss_count = expected['miss_count']
 
                     if actual['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got score \'{actual["score"]}\'')
                     if actual['achievement_rate'] != expected_achievement_rate:
-                        raise Exception('Expected an achievement rate of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got achievement rate \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_achievement_rate, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['achievement_rate'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected an achievement rate of \'{expected_achievement_rate}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got achievement rate \'{actual["achievement_rate"]}\'')
                     if actual['clear_type'] != expected_clear_type:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a clear_type of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got clear_type \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_clear_type, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['clear_type'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a clear_type of \'{expected_clear_type}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got clear_type \'{actual["clear_type"]}\'')
                     if actual['combo'] != expected_combo:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a combo of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got combo \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_combo, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['combo'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a combo of \'{expected_combo}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got combo \'{actual["combo"]}\'')
                     if actual['miss_count'] != expected_miss_count:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a miss count of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got miss count \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_miss_count, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['miss_count'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a miss count of \'{expected_miss_count}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got miss count \'{actual["miss_count"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/reflec/reflec.py

@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ class ReflecBeat(BaseClient):
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/player/pdata/cmnt")
 
         if resp.child_value('player/pdata/base/name') != self.NAME:
-            raise Exception('Invalid name {} returned on profile read!'.format(resp.child_value('player/pdata/base/name')))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid name {resp.child_value("player/pdata/base/name")} returned on profile read!')
 
         scores = []
         for child in resp.child('player/pdata/record').children:
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ class ReflecBeat(BaseClient):
 
         # First, filter down to only records that are also in the battle log
         def key(thing: Dict[str, int]) -> str:
-            return '{}-{}'.format(thing['id'], thing['chart'])
+            return f'{thing["id"]}-{thing["chart"]}'
 
         updates = [key(score) for score in scores]
         sortedrecords = {key(record): record for record in records if key(record) in updates}
@@ -450,15 +450,15 @@ class ReflecBeat(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             # Always get a player start, regardless of new profile or not
             self.verify_player_start(ref_id)
             self.verify_player_delete(ref_id)
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ class ReflecBeat(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify lobby functionality
         self.verify_lobby_read(location, extid)
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ class ReflecBeat(BaseClient):
                             break
 
                     if actual is None:
-                        raise Exception("Didn't find song {} chart {} in response!".format(expected['id'], expected['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f"Didn't find song {expected['id']} chart {expected['chart']} in response!")
 
                     if 'expected_score' in expected:
                         expected_score = expected['expected_score']
@@ -597,25 +597,15 @@ class ReflecBeat(BaseClient):
                         expected_miss_count = expected['miss_count']
 
                     if actual['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got score \'{actual["score"]}\'')
                     if actual['achievement_rate'] != expected_achievement_rate:
-                        raise Exception('Expected an achievement rate of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got achievement rate \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_achievement_rate, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['achievement_rate'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected an achievement rate of \'{expected_achievement_rate}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got achievement rate \'{actual["achievement_rate"]}\'')
                     if actual['clear_type'] != expected_clear_type:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a clear_type of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got clear_type \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_clear_type, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['clear_type'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a clear_type of \'{expected_clear_type}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got clear_type \'{actual["clear_type"]}\'')
                     if actual['combo'] != expected_combo:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a combo of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got combo \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_combo, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['combo'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a combo of \'{expected_combo}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got combo \'{actual["combo"]}\'')
                     if actual['miss_count'] != expected_miss_count:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a miss count of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got miss count \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_miss_count, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['miss_count'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a miss count of \'{expected_miss_count}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got miss count \'{actual["miss_count"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/reflec/volzza.py

@@ -194,11 +194,11 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza(BaseClient):
 
             if resp.child_value('player/player_select_score/name') != self.NAME:
                 raise Exception(
-                    'Invalid name {} returned on score read!'.format(resp.child_value('player/player_select_score/name'))
+                    f'Invalid name {resp.child_value("player/player_select_score/name")} returned on score read!'
                 )
             if resp.child_value('player/player_select_score/user_id') != extid:
                 raise Exception(
-                    'Invalid name {} returned on score read!'.format(resp.child_value('player/player_select_score/user_id'))
+                    f'Invalid name {resp.child_value("player/player_select_score/user_id")} returned on score read!'
                 )
 
     def verify_player_rb5_player_read_rival_ranking_data(self, extid: int) -> None:
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza(BaseClient):
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/player/rival_data/rl/sl/t")
         if resp.child_value('player/rival_data/rl/nm') != self.NAME:
             raise Exception(
-                'Invalid name {} returned on rival ranking read!'.format(resp.child_value('player/rival_data/rl/nm'))
+                f'Invalid name {resp.child_value("player/rival_data/rl/nm")} returned on rival ranking read!'
             )
 
     def verify_player_rb5_player_succeed(self, refid: str) -> None:
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza(BaseClient):
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/player/pdata/mylist/list/mlst")
 
         if resp.child_value('player/pdata/base/name') != self.NAME:
-            raise Exception('Invalid name {} returned on profile read!'.format(resp.child_value('player/pdata/base/name')))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid name {resp.child_value("player/pdata/base/name")} returned on profile read!')
 
     def verify_player_rb5_player_read_score(self, refid: str, location: str) -> List[Dict[str, int]]:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -568,15 +568,15 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
             # Always get a player start, regardless of new profile or not
             self.verify_player_rb5_player_start(ref_id)
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify lobby functionality
         self.verify_lobby_rb5_lobby_read(location, extid)
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza(BaseClient):
                             break
 
                     if actual is None:
-                        raise Exception("Didn't find song {} chart {} in response!".format(expected['id'], expected['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f"Didn't find song {expected['id']} chart {expected['chart']} in response!")
 
                     if 'expected_score' in expected:
                         expected_score = expected['expected_score']
@@ -715,25 +715,15 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza(BaseClient):
                         expected_miss_count = expected['miss_count']
 
                     if actual['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got score \'{actual["score"]}\'')
                     if actual['achievement_rate'] != expected_achievement_rate:
-                        raise Exception('Expected an achievement rate of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got achievement rate \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_achievement_rate, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['achievement_rate'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected an achievement rate of \'{expected_achievement_rate}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got achievement rate \'{actual["achievement_rate"]}\'')
                     if actual['clear_type'] != expected_clear_type:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a clear_type of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got clear_type \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_clear_type, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['clear_type'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a clear_type of \'{expected_clear_type}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got clear_type \'{actual["clear_type"]}\'')
                     if actual['combo_type'] != expected_combo_type:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a combo_type of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got combo_type \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_combo_type, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['combo_type'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a combo_type of \'{expected_combo_type}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got combo_type \'{actual["combo_type"]}\'')
                     if actual['miss_count'] != expected_miss_count:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a miss count of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got miss count \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_miss_count, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['miss_count'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a miss count of \'{expected_miss_count}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got miss count \'{actual["miss_count"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/reflec/volzza2.py

@@ -196,11 +196,11 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza2(BaseClient):
 
             if resp.child_value('player/player_select_score/name') != self.NAME:
                 raise Exception(
-                    'Invalid name {} returned on score read!'.format(resp.child_value('player/player_select_score/name'))
+                    f'Invalid name {resp.child_value("player/player_select_score/name")} returned on score read!'
                 )
             if resp.child_value('player/player_select_score/user_id') != extid:
                 raise Exception(
-                    'Invalid name {} returned on score read!'.format(resp.child_value('player/player_select_score/user_id'))
+                    f'Invalid name {resp.child_value("player/player_select_score/user_id")} returned on score read!'
                 )
 
     def verify_player_rb5_player_read_rival_ranking_data_5(self, extid: int) -> None:
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza2(BaseClient):
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/player/rival_data/rl/sl/t")
         if resp.child_value('player/rival_data/rl/nm') != self.NAME:
             raise Exception(
-                'Invalid name {} returned on rival ranking read!'.format(resp.child_value('player/rival_data/rl/nm'))
+                f'Invalid name {resp.child_value("player/rival_data/rl/nm")} returned on rival ranking read!'
             )
 
     def verify_player_rb5_player_succeed(self, refid: str) -> None:
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza2(BaseClient):
         self.assert_path(resp, "response/player/pdata/mycourse_f")
 
         if resp.child_value('player/pdata/base/name') != self.NAME:
-            raise Exception('Invalid name {} returned on profile read!'.format(resp.child_value('player/pdata/base/name')))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid name {resp.child_value("player/pdata/base/name")} returned on profile read!')
 
         mycourse = [
             {
@@ -673,15 +673,15 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza2(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
             # Always get a player start, regardless of new profile or not
             self.verify_player_rb5_player_start(ref_id)
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza2(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify lobby functionality
         self.verify_lobby_rb5_lobby_read(location, extid)
@@ -805,7 +805,7 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza2(BaseClient):
                             break
 
                     if actual is None:
-                        raise Exception("Didn't find song {} chart {} in response!".format(expected['id'], expected['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f"Didn't find song {expected['id']} chart {expected['chart']} in response!")
 
                     if 'expected_score' in expected:
                         expected_score = expected['expected_score']
@@ -829,25 +829,15 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza2(BaseClient):
                         expected_miss_count = expected['miss_count']
 
                     if actual['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got score \'{actual["score"]}\'')
                     if actual['achievement_rate'] != expected_achievement_rate:
-                        raise Exception('Expected an achievement rate of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got achievement rate \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_achievement_rate, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['achievement_rate'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected an achievement rate of \'{expected_achievement_rate}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got achievement rate \'{actual["achievement_rate"]}\'')
                     if actual['clear_type'] != expected_clear_type:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a clear_type of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got clear_type \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_clear_type, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['clear_type'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a clear_type of \'{expected_clear_type}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got clear_type \'{actual["clear_type"]}\'')
                     if actual['combo_type'] != expected_combo_type:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a combo_type of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got combo_type \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_combo_type, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['combo_type'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a combo_type of \'{expected_combo_type}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got combo_type \'{actual["combo_type"]}\'')
                     if actual['miss_count'] != expected_miss_count:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a miss count of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got miss count \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_miss_count, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['miss_count'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a miss count of \'{expected_miss_count}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got miss count \'{actual["miss_count"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)
@@ -882,11 +872,11 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza2(BaseClient):
         profile = self.verify_player_rb5_player_read(ref_id, card, location)
         for i in range(len(profile['mycourse'])):
             if profile['mycourse'][i]['music_id'] != firstcourse[i]['music_id']:
-                raise Exception('invalid music ID for mycourse entry {}!'.format(i))
+                raise Exception(f'invalid music ID for mycourse entry {i}!')
             if profile['mycourse'][i]['note_grade'] != firstcourse[i]['note_grade']:
-                raise Exception('invalid chart for mycourse entry {}!'.format(i))
+                raise Exception(f'invalid chart for mycourse entry {i}!')
             if profile['mycourse'][i]['score'] != firstcourse[i]['score']:
-                raise Exception('invalid score for mycourse entry {}!'.format(i))
+                raise Exception(f'invalid score for mycourse entry {i}!')
 
         # Do a worse job on a different course
         secondcourse = [
@@ -915,11 +905,11 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza2(BaseClient):
         profile = self.verify_player_rb5_player_read(ref_id, card, location)
         for i in range(len(profile['mycourse'])):
             if profile['mycourse'][i]['music_id'] != firstcourse[i]['music_id']:
-                raise Exception('invalid music ID for mycourse entry {}!'.format(i))
+                raise Exception(f'invalid music ID for mycourse entry {i}!')
             if profile['mycourse'][i]['note_grade'] != firstcourse[i]['note_grade']:
-                raise Exception('invalid chart for mycourse entry {}!'.format(i))
+                raise Exception(f'invalid chart for mycourse entry {i}!')
             if profile['mycourse'][i]['score'] != firstcourse[i]['score']:
-                raise Exception('invalid score for mycourse entry {}!'.format(i))
+                raise Exception(f'invalid score for mycourse entry {i}!')
 
         # Now, do better on our course, and verify it updates
         thirdcourse = [
@@ -948,11 +938,11 @@ class ReflecBeatVolzza2(BaseClient):
         profile = self.verify_player_rb5_player_read(ref_id, card, location)
         for i in range(len(profile['mycourse'])):
             if profile['mycourse'][i]['music_id'] != thirdcourse[i]['music_id']:
-                raise Exception('invalid music ID for mycourse entry {}!'.format(i))
+                raise Exception(f'invalid music ID for mycourse entry {i}!')
             if profile['mycourse'][i]['note_grade'] != thirdcourse[i]['note_grade']:
-                raise Exception('invalid chart for mycourse entry {}!'.format(i))
+                raise Exception(f'invalid chart for mycourse entry {i}!')
             if profile['mycourse'][i]['score'] != thirdcourse[i]['score']:
-                raise Exception('invalid score for mycourse entry {}!'.format(i))
+                raise Exception(f'invalid score for mycourse entry {i}!')
 
         # Verify ending game
         self.verify_player_rb5_player_end(ref_id)

bemani/client/sdvx/booth.py

@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ class SoundVoltexBoothClient(BaseClient):
                 'exp': resp.child_value('game/exp_point'),
             }
         else:
-            raise Exception("Invalid game load type {}".format(msg_type))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid game load type {msg_type}")
 
     def verify_game_lounge(self) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -436,15 +436,15 @@ class SoundVoltexBoothClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             # SDVX doesn't read the new profile, it asks for the profile itself after calling new
             self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='new')
             self.verify_game_new(location, ref_id)
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ class SoundVoltexBoothClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify account freezing
         self.verify_game_frozen(ref_id, 900)
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ class SoundVoltexBoothClient(BaseClient):
             # Verify profile loading and saving
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 0:
                 raise Exception('Profile has nonzero blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 0:
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ class SoundVoltexBoothClient(BaseClient):
             self.verify_game_save(location, ref_id, packet=123, block=234, exp=42)
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 123:
                 raise Exception('Profile has invalid blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 234:
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ class SoundVoltexBoothClient(BaseClient):
             self.verify_game_save(location, ref_id, packet=1, block=2, exp=3)
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 124:
                 raise Exception('Profile has invalid blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 236:
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ class SoundVoltexBoothClient(BaseClient):
             self.verify_game_buy(ref_id, 1004, True)
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 124:
                 raise Exception('Profile has invalid blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 226:
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ class SoundVoltexBoothClient(BaseClient):
                             break
 
                     if actual is None:
-                        raise Exception("Didn't find song {} chart {} in response!".format(expected['id'], expected['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f"Didn't find song {expected['id']} chart {expected['chart']} in response!")
 
                     if 'expected_score' in expected:
                         expected_score = expected['expected_score']
@@ -609,17 +609,11 @@ class SoundVoltexBoothClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_clear_type = expected['clear_type']
 
                     if actual['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got score \'{actual["score"]}\'')
                     if actual['grade'] != expected_grade:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a grade of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got grade \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_grade, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['grade'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a grade of \'{expected_grade}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got grade \'{actual["grade"]}\'')
                     if actual['clear_type'] != expected_clear_type:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a clear_type of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got clear_type \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_clear_type, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['clear_type'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a clear_type of \'{expected_clear_type}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got clear_type \'{actual["clear_type"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/sdvx/gravitywars_s1.py

@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsS1Client(BaseClient):
                 'courses': courses,
             }
         else:
-            raise Exception("Invalid game load type {}".format(msg_type))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid game load type {msg_type}")
 
     def verify_game_lounge(self) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -567,15 +567,15 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsS1Client(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             # SDVX doesn't read the new profile, it asks for the profile itself after calling new
             self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='new')
             self.verify_game_new(location, ref_id)
@@ -588,7 +588,7 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsS1Client(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify account freezing
         self.verify_game_frozen(ref_id, 900)
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsS1Client(BaseClient):
             # Verify profile loading and saving
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 0:
                 raise Exception('Profile has nonzero blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 0:
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsS1Client(BaseClient):
             self.verify_game_save(location, ref_id, packet=123, block=234, blaster_energy=42)
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 123:
                 raise Exception('Profile has invalid blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 234:
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsS1Client(BaseClient):
             self.verify_game_save(location, ref_id, packet=1, block=2, blaster_energy=3)
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 124:
                 raise Exception('Profile has invalid blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 236:
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsS1Client(BaseClient):
             self.verify_game_buy(ref_id, 0, 29, 1, 10, 0, 29, 3, True)
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 124:
                 raise Exception('Profile has invalid blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 226:
@@ -754,7 +754,7 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsS1Client(BaseClient):
                             break
 
                     if actual is None:
-                        raise Exception("Didn't find song {} chart {} in response!".format(expected['id'], expected['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f"Didn't find song {expected['id']} chart {expected['chart']} in response!")
 
                     if 'expected_score' in expected:
                         expected_score = expected['expected_score']
@@ -770,17 +770,11 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsS1Client(BaseClient):
                         expected_clear_type = expected['clear_type']
 
                     if actual['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got score \'{actual["score"]}\'')
                     if actual['grade'] != expected_grade:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a grade of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got grade \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_grade, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['grade'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a grade of \'{expected_grade}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got grade \'{actual["grade"]}\'')
                     if actual['clear_type'] != expected_clear_type:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a clear_type of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got clear_type \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_clear_type, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['clear_type'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a clear_type of \'{expected_clear_type}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got clear_type \'{actual["clear_type"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/sdvx/gravitywars_s2.py

@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsS2Client(BaseClient):
                 'courses': courses,
             }
         else:
-            raise Exception("Invalid game load type {}".format(msg_type))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid game load type {msg_type}")
 
     def verify_game_save(self, location: str, refid: str, packet: int, block: int, blaster_energy: int) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -590,15 +590,15 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsS2Client(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             # SDVX doesn't read the new profile, it asks for the profile itself after calling new
             self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='new')
             self.verify_game_new(location, ref_id)
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsS2Client(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify rivals node (necessary to return but can hold nothing)
         self.verify_game_load_r(ref_id)
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsS2Client(BaseClient):
             # Verify profile loading and saving
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 0:
                 raise Exception('Profile has nonzero blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 0:
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsS2Client(BaseClient):
             self.verify_game_save(location, ref_id, packet=123, block=234, blaster_energy=42)
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 123:
                 raise Exception('Profile has invalid blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 234:
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsS2Client(BaseClient):
             self.verify_game_save(location, ref_id, packet=1, block=2, blaster_energy=3)
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 124:
                 raise Exception('Profile has invalid blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 236:
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsS2Client(BaseClient):
             self.verify_game_buy(ref_id, 0, 29, 1, 10, 0, 29, 3, True)
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 124:
                 raise Exception('Profile has invalid blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 226:
@@ -780,7 +780,7 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsS2Client(BaseClient):
                             break
 
                     if actual is None:
-                        raise Exception("Didn't find song {} chart {} in response!".format(expected['id'], expected['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f"Didn't find song {expected['id']} chart {expected['chart']} in response!")
 
                     if 'expected_score' in expected:
                         expected_score = expected['expected_score']
@@ -796,17 +796,11 @@ class SoundVoltexGravityWarsS2Client(BaseClient):
                         expected_clear_type = expected['clear_type']
 
                     if actual['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got score \'{actual["score"]}\'')
                     if actual['grade'] != expected_grade:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a grade of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got grade \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_grade, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['grade'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a grade of \'{expected_grade}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got grade \'{actual["grade"]}\'')
                     if actual['clear_type'] != expected_clear_type:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a clear_type of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got clear_type \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_clear_type, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['clear_type'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a clear_type of \'{expected_clear_type}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got clear_type \'{actual["clear_type"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/sdvx/heavenlyhaven.py

@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ class SoundVoltexHeavenlyHavenClient(BaseClient):
                 'courses': courses,
             }
         else:
-            raise Exception("Invalid game load type {}".format(msg_type))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid game load type {msg_type}")
 
     def verify_game_save(self, location: str, refid: str, packet: int, block: int, blaster_energy: int) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -669,15 +669,15 @@ class SoundVoltexHeavenlyHavenClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             # SDVX doesn't read the new profile, it asks for the profile itself after calling new
             self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='new')
             self.verify_game_new(location, ref_id)
@@ -690,7 +690,7 @@ class SoundVoltexHeavenlyHavenClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify rivals node (necessary to return but can hold nothing)
         self.verify_game_load_r(ref_id)
@@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ class SoundVoltexHeavenlyHavenClient(BaseClient):
             # Verify profile loading and saving
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 0:
                 raise Exception('Profile has nonzero blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 0:
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ class SoundVoltexHeavenlyHavenClient(BaseClient):
             self.verify_game_save(location, ref_id, packet=123, block=234, blaster_energy=42)
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 123:
                 raise Exception('Profile has invalid blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 234:
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ class SoundVoltexHeavenlyHavenClient(BaseClient):
             self.verify_game_save(location, ref_id, packet=1, block=2, blaster_energy=3)
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 124:
                 raise Exception('Profile has invalid blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 236:
@@ -754,7 +754,7 @@ class SoundVoltexHeavenlyHavenClient(BaseClient):
             self.verify_game_buy(ref_id, 0, 29, 1, 10, 0, 29, 3, True)
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 124:
                 raise Exception('Profile has invalid blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 226:
@@ -858,7 +858,7 @@ class SoundVoltexHeavenlyHavenClient(BaseClient):
                             break
 
                     if actual is None:
-                        raise Exception("Didn't find song {} chart {} in response!".format(expected['id'], expected['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f"Didn't find song {expected['id']} chart {expected['chart']} in response!")
 
                     if 'expected_score' in expected:
                         expected_score = expected['expected_score']
@@ -874,17 +874,11 @@ class SoundVoltexHeavenlyHavenClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_clear_type = expected['clear_type']
 
                     if actual['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got score \'{actual["score"]}\'')
                     if actual['grade'] != expected_grade:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a grade of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got grade \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_grade, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['grade'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a grade of \'{expected_grade}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got grade \'{actual["grade"]}\'')
                     if actual['clear_type'] != expected_clear_type:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a clear_type of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got clear_type \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_clear_type, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['clear_type'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a clear_type of \'{expected_clear_type}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got clear_type \'{actual["clear_type"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/client/sdvx/infiniteinfection.py

@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ class SoundVoltexInfiniteInfectionClient(BaseClient):
                 'courses': courses,
             }
         else:
-            raise Exception("Invalid game load type {}".format(msg_type))
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid game load type {msg_type}")
 
     def verify_game_lounge(self) -> None:
         call = self.call_node()
@@ -519,15 +519,15 @@ class SoundVoltexInfiniteInfectionClient(BaseClient):
             card = cardid
         else:
             card = self.random_card()
-            print("Generated random card ID {} for use.".format(card))
+            print(f"Generated random card ID {card} for use.")
 
         if cardid is None:
             self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='unregistered', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled)
             ref_id = self.verify_cardmng_getrefid(card)
             if len(ref_id) != 16:
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when registering card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when registering card')
             if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='new', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-                raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+                raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
             # SDVX doesn't read the new profile, it asks for the profile itself after calling new
             self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='new')
             self.verify_game_new(location, ref_id)
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ class SoundVoltexInfiniteInfectionClient(BaseClient):
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=True)
         self.verify_cardmng_authpass(ref_id, correct=False)
         if ref_id != self.verify_cardmng_inquire(card, msg_type='query', paseli_enabled=paseli_enabled):
-            raise Exception('Invalid refid \'{}\' returned when querying card'.format(ref_id))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid refid \'{ref_id}\' returned when querying card')
 
         # Verify account freezing
         self.verify_game_frozen(ref_id, 900)
@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ class SoundVoltexInfiniteInfectionClient(BaseClient):
             # Verify profile loading and saving
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 0:
                 raise Exception('Profile has nonzero blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 0:
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ class SoundVoltexInfiniteInfectionClient(BaseClient):
             self.verify_game_save(location, ref_id, packet=123, block=234, blaster_energy=42, appealcards=[])
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 123:
                 raise Exception('Profile has invalid blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 234:
@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ class SoundVoltexInfiniteInfectionClient(BaseClient):
             self.verify_game_save(location, ref_id, packet=1, block=2, blaster_energy=3, appealcards=[])
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 124:
                 raise Exception('Profile has invalid blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 236:
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ class SoundVoltexInfiniteInfectionClient(BaseClient):
             self.verify_game_buy(ref_id, 0, 29, 1, 10, 0, 29, 3, True)
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             if profile['name'] != self.NAME:
-                raise Exception('Profile has incorrect name {} associated with it!'.format(profile['name']))
+                raise Exception(f'Profile has incorrect name {profile["name"]} associated with it!')
             if profile['packet'] != 124:
                 raise Exception('Profile has invalid blocks associated with it!')
             if profile['block'] != 226:
@@ -631,9 +631,9 @@ class SoundVoltexInfiniteInfectionClient(BaseClient):
             profile = self.verify_game_load(card, ref_id, msg_type='existing')
             for i in [1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005]:
                 if i not in profile['appealcards']:
-                    raise Exception('Profile missing appeal card {}'.format(i))
+                    raise Exception(f'Profile missing appeal card {i}')
                 if profile['appealcards'][i] != 0:
-                    raise Exception('Profile has bad count for appeal card {}'.format(i))
+                    raise Exception(f'Profile has bad count for appeal card {i}')
 
             # Verify that we can finish skill analyzer courses
             self.verify_game_save_c(location, ref_id, 14, 3)
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ class SoundVoltexInfiniteInfectionClient(BaseClient):
                             break
 
                     if actual is None:
-                        raise Exception("Didn't find song {} chart {} in response!".format(expected['id'], expected['chart']))
+                        raise Exception(f"Didn't find song {expected['id']} chart {expected['chart']} in response!")
 
                     if 'expected_score' in expected:
                         expected_score = expected['expected_score']
@@ -737,17 +737,11 @@ class SoundVoltexInfiniteInfectionClient(BaseClient):
                         expected_clear_type = expected['clear_type']
 
                     if actual['score'] != expected_score:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a score of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got score \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_score, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['score'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a score of \'{expected_score}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got score \'{actual["score"]}\'')
                     if actual['grade'] != expected_grade:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a grade of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got grade \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_grade, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['grade'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a grade of \'{expected_grade}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got grade \'{actual["grade"]}\'')
                     if actual['clear_type'] != expected_clear_type:
-                        raise Exception('Expected a clear_type of \'{}\' for song \'{}\' chart \'{}\' but got clear_type \'{}\''.format(
-                            expected_clear_type, expected['id'], expected['chart'], actual['clear_type'],
-                        ))
+                        raise Exception(f'Expected a clear_type of \'{expected_clear_type}\' for song \'{expected["id"]}\' chart \'{expected["chart"]}\' but got clear_type \'{actual["clear_type"]}\'')
 
                 # Sleep so we don't end up putting in score history on the same second
                 time.sleep(1)

bemani/common/aes.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class AESCipher:
         self.__key = hashlib.sha256(key.encode('utf-8')).digest()
 
     def __pad(self, s: str) -> str:
-        intermediate = "{}.{}".format(len(s), s)
+        intermediate = f"{len(s)}.{s}"
         while len(intermediate) % self.__padamt != 0:
             intermediate = intermediate + '-'
         return intermediate

bemani/common/card.py

@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ class CardCipher:
         """
         if len(cardid) != 16:
             raise CardCipherException(
-                'Expected 16-character card ID, got {}'.format(len(cardid)),
+                f'Expected 16-character card ID, got {len(cardid)}',
             )
 
         cardint = [int(cardid[i:(i + 2)], 16) for i in range(0, len(cardid), 2)]
@@ -284,13 +284,13 @@ class CardCipher:
 
         if len(cardid) != 16:
             raise CardCipherException(
-                'Expected 16-character card ID, got {}'.format(len(cardid)),
+                f'Expected 16-character card ID, got {len(cardid)}',
             )
 
         for c in cardid:
             if c not in CardCipher.VALID_CHARS:
                 raise CardCipherException(
-                    'Got unexpected character {} in card ID'.format(c),
+                    f'Got unexpected character {c} in card ID',
                 )
 
         # Convert chars to groups
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ class CardCipher:
     def __encode(inbytes: bytes) -> bytes:
         if len(inbytes) != 8:
             raise CardCipherException(
-                'Expected 8-byte input, got {}'.format(len(inbytes)),
+                f'Expected 8-byte input, got {len(inbytes)}',
             )
 
         inp = [b for b in inbytes]
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ class CardCipher:
     def __decode(inbytes: bytes) -> bytes:
         if len(inbytes) != 8:
             raise CardCipherException(
-                'Expected 8-byte input, got {}'.format(len(inbytes)),
+                f'Expected 8-byte input, got {len(inbytes)}',
             )
 
         inp = [b for b in inbytes]

bemani/common/http.py

@@ -130,9 +130,9 @@ class HTTP:
 
         # Add first part of header
         if request:
-            out.append('{} {} {}'.format(parsed_headers['method'], parsed_headers['uri'], parsed_headers['version']))
+            out.append(f'{parsed_headers["method"]} {parsed_headers["uri"]} {parsed_headers["version"]}')
         elif response:
-            out.append('{} {} {}'.format(parsed_headers['version'], parsed_headers['code'], parsed_headers['error']))
+            out.append(f'{parsed_headers["version"]} {parsed_headers["code"]} {parsed_headers["error"]}')
         else:
             raise Exception("Logic error!")
 
@@ -149,9 +149,9 @@ class HTTP:
                     continue
                 else:
                     # Woah, can't figure this out!
-                    raise Exception("Unknown transfer-encodign {}".format(value))
+                    raise Exception(f"Unknown transfer-encodign {value}")
 
-            out.append("{}: {}".format(name, value))
+            out.append(f"{name}: {value}")
 
         # Concatenate it with the binary data
         return "\r\n".join(out).encode('ascii') + b'\r\n\r\n' + data

bemani/common/id.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class ID:
         extid_str = str(extid)
         while len(extid_str) < 8:
             extid_str = '0' + extid_str
-        return '{}-{}'.format(extid_str[0:4], extid_str[4:8])
+        return f'{extid_str[0:4]}-{extid_str[4:8]}'
 
     @staticmethod
     def parse_extid(extid: str) -> Optional[int]:
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class ID:
         """
         Take a machine ID as an integer, format it as a string.
         """
-        return 'US-{}'.format(machine_id)
+        return f'US-{machine_id}'
 
     @staticmethod
     def parse_machine_id(machine_id: str) -> Optional[int]:

bemani/common/model.py

@@ -43,10 +43,10 @@ class Model:
         elif len(parts) == 4:
             game, dest, spec, rev = parts
             return Model(game, dest, spec, rev, None)
-        raise Exception('Couldn\'t parse model {}'.format(model))
+        raise Exception(f'Couldn\'t parse model {model}')
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
         if self.version is None:
-            return '{}:{}:{}:{}'.format(self.game, self.dest, self.spec, self.rev)
+            return f'{self.game}:{self.dest}:{self.spec}:{self.rev}'
         else:
-            return '{}:{}:{}:{}:{}'.format(self.game, self.dest, self.spec, self.rev, self.version)
+            return f'{self.game}:{self.dest}:{self.spec}:{self.rev}:{self.version}'

bemani/data/api/client.py

@@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ class APIClient:
 
     def __exchange_data(self, request_uri: str, request_args: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         if self.base_uri[-1:] != '/':
-            uri = '{}/{}'.format(self.base_uri, request_uri)
+            uri = f'{self.base_uri}/{request_uri}'
         else:
-            uri = '{}{}'.format(self.base_uri, request_uri)
+            uri = f'{self.base_uri}{request_uri}'
 
         headers = {
-            'Authorization': 'Token {}'.format(self.token),
+            'Authorization': f'Token {self.token}',
             'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8',
         }
         data = json.dumps(request_args).encode('utf8')
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class APIClient:
             raise APIException('Failed to query remote server!')
 
         if r.headers['content-type'] != 'application/json; charset=utf-8':
-            raise APIException('API returned invalid content type \'{}\'!'.format(r.headers['content-type']))
+            raise APIException(f'API returned invalid content type \'{r.headers["content-type"]}\'!')
 
         jsondata = r.json()
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class APIClient:
             return jsondata
 
         if 'error' not in jsondata:
-            raise APIException('API returned error code {} but did not include \'error\' attribute in response JSON!'.format(r.status_code))
+            raise APIException(f'API returned error code {r.status_code} but did not include \'error\' attribute in response JSON!')
         error = jsondata['error']
 
         if r.status_code == 401:
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class APIClient:
         if r.status_code == 405:
             raise UnrecognizedRequestAPIException('The server did not recognize the request!')
         if r.status_code == 500:
-            raise RemoteServerErrorAPIException('The server had an error processing the request and returned \'{}\''.format(error))
+            raise RemoteServerErrorAPIException(f'The server had an error processing the request and returned \'{error}\'')
         if r.status_code == 501:
             raise UnsupportedVersionAPIException('The server does not support this version of the API!')
         raise APIException('The server returned an invalid status code {}!', format(r.status_code))
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class APIClient:
         try:
             servergame, serverversion = self.__translate(game, version)
             resp = self.__exchange_data(
-                '{}/{}/{}'.format(self.API_VERSION, servergame, serverversion),
+                f'{self.API_VERSION}/{servergame}/{serverversion}',
                 {
                     'ids': ids,
                     'type': idtype,
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ class APIClient:
             if until is not None:
                 data['until'] = until
             resp = self.__exchange_data(
-                '{}/{}/{}'.format(self.API_VERSION, servergame, serverversion),
+                f'{self.API_VERSION}/{servergame}/{serverversion}',
                 data,
             )
             return resp['records']
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ class APIClient:
         try:
             servergame, serverversion = self.__translate(game, version)
             resp = self.__exchange_data(
-                '{}/{}/{}'.format(self.API_VERSION, servergame, serverversion),
+                f'{self.API_VERSION}/{servergame}/{serverversion}',
                 {
                     'ids': ids,
                     'type': idtype,
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ class APIClient:
         try:
             servergame, serverversion = self.__translate(game, version)
             resp = self.__exchange_data(
-                '{}/{}/{}'.format(self.API_VERSION, servergame, serverversion),
+                f'{self.API_VERSION}/{servergame}/{serverversion}',
                 {
                     'ids': [],
                     'type': 'server',

bemani/data/data.py

@@ -121,12 +121,7 @@ class Data:
 
     @classmethod
     def sqlalchemy_url(cls, config: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
-        return "mysql://{}:{}@{}/{}?charset=utf8mb4".format(
-            config['database']['user'],
-            config['database']['password'],
-            config['database']['address'],
-            config['database']['database'],
-        )
+        return f"mysql://{config['database']['user']}:{config['database']['password']}@{config['database']['address']}/{config['database']['database']}?charset=utf8mb4"
 
     @classmethod
     def create_engine(cls, config: Dict[str, Any]) -> Engine:
@@ -149,9 +144,9 @@ class Data:
             '-c',
             os.path.join(base_dir, 'alembic.ini'),
             '-x',
-            'script_location={}'.format(base_dir),
+            f'script_location={base_dir}',
             '-x',
-            'sqlalchemy.url={}'.format(self.__url),
+            f'sqlalchemy.url={self.__url}',
             command,
         ]
         alembicArgs.extend(args)

bemani/data/mysql/game.py

@@ -298,10 +298,7 @@ class GameData(BaseData):
             if result['start_time'] == start_time and result['end_time'] == end_time:
                 # This is just this event being updated, that's fine.
                 continue
-            raise Exception('This event overlaps an existing one with start time {} and end time {}'.format(
-                result['start_time'],
-                result['end_time'],
-            ))
+            raise Exception(f'This event overlaps an existing one with start time {result["start_time"]} and end time {result["end_time"]}')
 
         # Insert or update this setting
         sql = (

bemani/data/mysql/music.py

@@ -101,12 +101,7 @@ class MusicData(BaseData):
         cursor = self.execute(sql, {'songid': songid, 'chart': songchart, 'game': game, 'version': version})
         if cursor.rowcount != 1:
             # music doesn't exist
-            raise Exception('Song {} chart {} doesn\'t exist for game {} version {}'.format(
-                songid,
-                songchart,
-                game,
-                version,
-            ))
+            raise Exception(f'Song {songid} chart {songchart} doesn\'t exist for game {game} version {version}')
         result = cursor.fetchone()
         return result['id']
 
@@ -226,11 +221,7 @@ class MusicData(BaseData):
             )
         except IntegrityError:
             raise ScoreSaveException(
-                'There is already an attempt by {} for music id {} at {}'.format(
-                    userid if userid is not None else 0,
-                    musicid,
-                    ts,
-                )
+                f'There is already an attempt by {userid if userid is not None else 0} for music id {musicid} at {ts}'
             )
 
     def get_score(self, game: str, version: int, userid: UserID, songid: int, songchart: int) -> Optional[Score]:
@@ -584,7 +575,7 @@ class MusicData(BaseData):
             "WHERE music.id = :musicid"
         )
         if interested_versions is not None:
-            sql += " AND music.version in ({})".format(",".join(str(int(v)) for v in interested_versions))
+            sql += f" AND music.version in ({','.join(str(int(v)) for v in interested_versions)})"
         cursor = self.execute(sql, {'musicid': musicid})
         all_songs = []
         for result in cursor.fetchall():
@@ -764,17 +755,11 @@ class MusicData(BaseData):
             if len(userlist) == 0:
                 # We don't have any users, but SQL will shit the bed, so lets add a fake one.
                 userlist.append(UserID(-1))
-            user_sql = (
-                "SELECT userid FROM score WHERE score.musicid = played.musicid AND score.userid IN :userlist {} ORDER BY points DESC, timestamp DESC LIMIT 1"
-            ).format(location_sql)
+            user_sql = f"SELECT userid FROM score WHERE score.musicid = played.musicid AND score.userid IN :userlist {location_sql} ORDER BY points DESC, timestamp DESC LIMIT 1"
             params['userlist'] = tuple(userlist)
         else:
-            user_sql = (
-                "SELECT userid FROM score WHERE score.musicid = played.musicid {} ORDER BY points DESC, timestamp DESC LIMIT 1"
-            ).format(location_sql)
-        records_sql = (
-            "SELECT ({}) AS userid, musicid FROM ({}) played"
-        ).format(user_sql, musicid_sql)
+            user_sql = f"SELECT userid FROM score WHERE score.musicid = played.musicid {location_sql} ORDER BY points DESC, timestamp DESC LIMIT 1"
+        records_sql = f"SELECT ({user_sql}) AS userid, musicid FROM ({musicid_sql}) played"
 
         # Now, join it up against the score and music table to grab the info we need
         sql = (

bemani/data/mysql/network.py

@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ class NetworkData(BaseData):
         if until_id is not None:
             wheres.append("id < :until_id")
         if len(wheres) > 0:
-            sql = sql + "WHERE {} ".format(' AND '.join(wheres))
+            sql = sql + f"WHERE {' AND '.join(wheres)} "
 
         # Order it newest to oldest
         sql = sql + "ORDER BY id DESC"

bemani/data/types.py

@@ -32,12 +32,7 @@ class User:
         self.admin = admin
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "User(userid={}, username={}, email={}, admin={})".format(
-            self.id,
-            self.username,
-            self.email,
-            self.admin,
-        )
+        return f"User(userid={self.id}, username={self.username}, email={self.email}, admin={self.admin})"
 
 
 class Achievement:
@@ -64,12 +59,7 @@ class Achievement:
         self.data = ValidatedDict(data)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "Achievement(achievementid={}, achievementtype={}, timestamp={}, data={})".format(
-            self.id,
-            self.type,
-            self.timestamp,
-            self.data,
-        )
+        return f"Achievement(achievementid={self.id}, achievementtype={self.type}, timestamp={self.timestamp}, data={self.data})"
 
 
 class Link:
@@ -94,12 +84,7 @@ class Link:
         self.data = ValidatedDict(data)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "Link(userid={}, linktype={}, other_userid={}, data={})".format(
-            self.userid,
-            self.type,
-            self.other_userid,
-            self.data,
-        )
+        return f"Link(userid={self.userid}, linktype={self.type}, other_userid={self.other_userid}, data={self.data})"
 
 
 class Machine:
@@ -147,17 +132,7 @@ class Machine:
         self.data = ValidatedDict(data)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "Machine(machineid={}, pcbid={}, name={}, description={}, arcade={}, port={}, game={}, version={}, data={})".format(
-            self.id,
-            self.pcbid,
-            self.name,
-            self.description,
-            self.arcade,
-            self.port,
-            self.game,
-            self.version,
-            self.data,
-        )
+        return f"Machine(machineid={self.id}, pcbid={self.pcbid}, name={self.name}, description={self.description}, arcade={self.arcade}, port={self.port}, game={self.game}, version={self.version}, data={self.data})"
 
 
 class Arcade:
@@ -189,14 +164,7 @@ class Arcade:
         self.owners = owners
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "Arcade(arcadeid={}, name={}, description={}, pin={}, data={}, owners={})".format(
-            self.id,
-            self.name,
-            self.description,
-            self.pin,
-            self.data,
-            self.owners,
-        )
+        return f"Arcade(arcadeid={self.id}, name={self.name}, description={self.description}, pin={self.pin}, data={self.data}, owners={self.owners})"
 
 
 class Song:
@@ -238,16 +206,7 @@ class Song:
         self.data = ValidatedDict(data)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "Song(game={}, version={}, songid={}, songchart={}, name={}, artist={}, genre={}, data={})".format(
-            self.game,
-            self.version,
-            self.id,
-            self.chart,
-            self.name,
-            self.artist,
-            self.genre,
-            self.data,
-        )
+        return f"Song(game={self.game}, version={self.version}, songid={self.id}, songchart={self.chart}, name={self.name}, artist={self.artist}, genre={self.genre}, data={self.data})"
 
 
 class Score:
@@ -292,17 +251,7 @@ class Score:
         self.data = ValidatedDict(data)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "Score(key={}, songid={}, songchart={}, points={}, timestamp={}, update={}, location={}, plays={}, data={})".format(
-            self.key,
-            self.id,
-            self.chart,
-            self.points,
-            self.timestamp,
-            self.update,
-            self.location,
-            self.plays,
-            self.data,
-        )
+        return f"Score(key={self.key}, songid={self.id}, songchart={self.chart}, points={self.points}, timestamp={self.timestamp}, update={self.update}, location={self.location}, plays={self.plays}, data={self.data})"
 
 
 class Attempt:
@@ -344,16 +293,7 @@ class Attempt:
         self.data = ValidatedDict(data)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "Attempt(key={}, songid={}, songchart={}, points={}, timestamp={}, location={}, new_record={}, data={})".format(
-            self.key,
-            self.id,
-            self.chart,
-            self.points,
-            self.timestamp,
-            self.location,
-            self.new_record,
-            self.data,
-        )
+        return f"Attempt(key={self.key}, songid={self.id}, songchart={self.chart}, points={self.points}, timestamp={self.timestamp}, location={self.location}, new_record={self.new_record}, data={self.data})"
 
 
 class News:
@@ -378,12 +318,7 @@ class News:
         self.body = body
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "News(newsid={}, timestamp={}, title={}, body={})".format(
-            self.id,
-            self.timestamp,
-            self.title,
-            self.body,
-        )
+        return f"News(newsid={self.id}, timestamp={self.timestamp}, title={self.title}, body={self.body})"
 
 
 class Event:
@@ -412,14 +347,7 @@ class Event:
         self.data = ValidatedDict(data)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "Event(auditid={}, timestamp={}, userid={}, arcadeid={}, event={}, data={})".format(
-            self.id,
-            self.timestamp,
-            self.userid,
-            self.arcadeid,
-            self.type,
-            self.data,
-        )
+        return f"Event(auditid={self.id}, timestamp={self.timestamp}, userid={self.userid}, arcadeid={self.arcadeid}, event={self.type}, data={self.data})"
 
 
 class Item:
@@ -441,11 +369,7 @@ class Item:
         self.data = ValidatedDict(data)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "Item(cattype={}, catid={}, data={})".format(
-            self.type,
-            self.id,
-            self.data,
-        )
+        return f"Item(cattype={self.type}, catid={self.id}, data={self.data})"
 
 
 class Client:
@@ -470,12 +394,7 @@ class Client:
         self.token = token
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "Client(clientid={}, timestamp={}, name={}, token={})".format(
-            self.id,
-            self.timestamp,
-            self.name,
-            self.token,
-        )
+        return f"Client(clientid={self.id}, timestamp={self.timestamp}, name={self.name}, token={self.token})"
 
 
 class Server:
@@ -504,11 +423,4 @@ class Server:
         self.allow_scores = allow_scores
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "Server(serverid={}, timestamp={}, uri={}, token={}, allow_stats={}, allow_scores={})".format(
-            self.id,
-            self.timestamp,
-            self.uri,
-            self.token,
-            self.allow_stats,
-            self.allow_scores,
-        )
+        return f"Server(serverid={self.id}, timestamp={self.timestamp}, uri={self.uri}, token={self.token}, allow_stats={self.allow_stats}, allow_scores={self.allow_scores})"

bemani/format/ifs.py

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class IFS:
                 files[node_name] = (node.value[0] + data_index, node.value[1], node.value[2])
             else:
                 for subchild in node.children:
-                    get_children(os.path.join(parent, "{}/".format(real_name)), subchild)
+                    get_children(os.path.join(parent, f"{real_name}/"), subchild)
 
         get_children("/", header)
 
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class IFS:
 
                             if md5sum == filename:
                                 if textfmt == "argb8888rev":
-                                    name = '{}.png'.format(subchild.attribute('name'))
+                                    name = f'{subchild.attribute("name")}.png'
                                 else:
                                     name = subchild.attribute('name')
                                 newpath = os.path.join(path, name)

bemani/format/iidxmusicdb.py

@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class IIDXMusicDB:
             leap = 0x340
 
         if sig[0] != b'IIDX':
-            raise Exception('Invalid signature \'{}\' found!'.format(sig[0]))
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid signature \'{sig[0]}\' found!')
 
         def parse_string(string: bytes) -> str:
             for i in range(len(string)):

bemani/format/twodx.py

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class TwoDX:
             wavOffset = offset + headerSize
             wavData = data[wavOffset:(wavOffset + wavSize)]
 
-            self.__files['{}_{}.wav'.format(self.__name, fileno)] = wavData
+            self.__files[f'{self.__name}_{fileno}.wav'] = wavData
             fileno = fileno + 1
 
     @property

bemani/frontend/admin/admin.py

@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ def updatepcbid() -> Dict[str, Any]:
     # Make sure we don't duplicate port assignments
     other_pcbid = g.data.local.machine.from_port(machine['port'])
     if other_pcbid is not None and other_pcbid != machine['pcbid']:
-        raise Exception('This port is already in use by \'{}\'!'.format(other_pcbid))
+        raise Exception(f'This port is already in use by \'{other_pcbid}\'!')
 
     if machine['port'] < 1 or machine['port'] > 65535:
         raise Exception('The specified port is out of range!')

bemani/frontend/app.py

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ def jsx(filename: str) -> Response:
     # Figure out what our update time is to namespace on
     jsxfile = os.path.join(static_location, filename)
     mtime = os.path.getmtime(jsxfile)
-    namespace = '{}.{}'.format(mtime, jsxfile)
+    namespace = f'{mtime}.{jsxfile}'
     jsx = g.cache.get(namespace)
     if jsx is None:
         transformer = JSXTransformer()

bemani/frontend/arcade/arcade.py

@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ def updatearcade(arcadeid: int, attribute: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
     elif attribute == 'mask_services_url':
         arcade.data.replace_bool('mask_services_url', new_value)
     else:
-        raise Exception('Unknown attribute {} to update!'.format(attribute))
+        raise Exception(f'Unknown attribute {attribute} to update!')
 
     g.data.local.machine.put_arcade(arcade)
 

bemani/frontend/base.py

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class FrontendBase:
         self.cache = cache
 
     def make_index(self, songid: int, chart: int) -> str:
-        return '{}-{}'.format(songid, chart)
+        return f'{songid}-{chart}'
 
     def get_duplicate_id(self, musicid: int, chart: int) -> Optional[Tuple[int, int]]:
         return None
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class FrontendBase:
 
     def get_all_songs(self, force_db_load: bool=False) -> Dict[int, Dict[str, Any]]:
         if not force_db_load:
-            cached_songs = self.cache.get('{}.sorted_songs'.format(self.game))
+            cached_songs = self.cache.get(f'{self.game}.sorted_songs')
             if cached_songs is not None:
                 return cached_songs
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class FrontendBase:
             else:
                 songs[song.id] = self.merge_song(songs[song.id], song)
 
-        self.cache.set('{}.sorted_songs'.format(self.game), songs, timeout=600)
+        self.cache.set(f'{self.game}.sorted_songs', songs, timeout=600)
         return songs
 
     def get_all_player_info(self, userids: List[UserID], limit: Optional[int]=None, allow_remote: bool=False) -> Dict[UserID, Dict[int, Dict[str, Any]]]:

bemani/frontend/bishi/endpoints.py

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def viewplayer(userid: UserID) -> Response:
     latest_version = sorted(djinfo.keys(), reverse=True)[0]
 
     return render_react(
-        '{}\'s BishiBashi Profile'.format(djinfo[latest_version]['name']),
+        f'{djinfo[latest_version]["name"]}\'s BishiBashi Profile',
         'bishi/player.react.js',
         {
             'playerid': userid,

bemani/frontend/ddr/ddr.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class DDRFrontend(FrontendBase):
         DDRBase.CHART_DOUBLE_CHALLENGE,
     ]
 
-    valid_rival_types = ['friend_{}'.format(i) for i in range(10)]
+    valid_rival_types = [f'friend_{i}' for i in range(10)]
 
     max_active_rivals = {
         VersionConstants.DDR_X2: 1,